Chapter 8 Key Issues 2 and 3

Warm Up 2/17 The US census shows that the population has continued to move in which direction? A. South, then east B. North, then west C. West, then south D. North, then east E. West, then north Reminders: Grades due Friday Make up Test tomorrow Ch. 8 Reading Notes due Monday Sign up for AP Exam!

European Colonization 1500-2000

UN List of Non-Self-Governing Territories The US actually owns the world’s most populous colony… Puerto Rico

Colonial Possessions Today

The world’s smallest colony! Pitcairn Island The world’s smallest colony!

Shapes of States Shapes of states Five basic shapes The shape can determine… Communication Transportation Trade Conflict Unity within the state A state can be multiple shapes

Compact Theoretically would be the most efficient form because: Kind of like a circle Improves communication and transportation Shortest possible boundaries to defend Ex: Kenya

Prorupted Has an area that sticks out Created for a reason… Access to resources… ex: coastline or river To purposefully divide two neighboring states Could be used to cut off a rival’s access Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, D. R. Congo Caprivi Strip

Elongated Least efficient shape A state that is stretched out Makes transportation and communication difficult… everywhere is a long distance away Creates a long and difficult to defend border Ex: Mozambique, Malawi

Fragmented Usually made up of islands, or may be separated by another country A state that is separated into several areas Makes governing the fragmented areas difficult Because of Distance Decay and non-friendly countries Creates disunity within the state Ex: Angola Fragment

Perforated A state with another state inside… like Swiss cheese The perforation is called an ENCLAVE. The surrounded state completely depend on the perforated state for trade (imports and exports) Ex: Lesotho

Landlocked States Most common in Africa (14 of 54) Bulky goods are still mainly transported by ship (oil, grain, ores, vehicles) Also in Europe, but difference is much greater economic cooperation

Landlocked countries in Africa

Landlocked Countries in Europe

Warm Up The term “nation-state” would best fit which country? A. United States B. Israel C. Brazil D. Japan E. China TODAY

Boundaries & Boundary Problems of States What is a boundary? Not just a line on a map A 3-D plane that divides states Types of boundaries Frontiers Physical boundaries Cultural boundaries

Frontiers Frontiers-- A belt lying between two states or between settled and uninhabited or sparsely settled areas. (Ex. Arabian peninsula) Not truly a defined boundary

PHYSICAL Conform to physiographic features in the landscape such as rivers, deserts or mountain ranges (natural boundaries) Ex > Rio Grande, Pyrenees, Great Lakes of Africa and N. America, the Himalayas in South Asia China sees Tibet as part of its territory b/c it is north of the Himalayas, thus w/in the natural boundary of China…

Cultural Boundaries 1. GEOMETRIC Straight line boundaries Totally unrelated to any aspects of the cultural or physical landscape. Ex > African nations, borders between US and Canada to the west

Cultural Boundaries 2. Religious ex: Pakistan and India 3. Language ex: Czech Republic and Slovakia

Origin Based Classifications 1. Antecedent : Boundary formed before present-day human landscape developed Can be seen on population maps Ex – Borneo boundary b/w Indonesia and Malaysia

Origin Based Classifications 2. Subsequent These are installed after settlement - but take account of cultural/ethnic/religious/language differences. Some conflict - but minimized Shows a long process of boundary mods Ex > Border b/w China and Vietnam

Origin Based Classifications 3. SUPERIMPOSED Forcibly drawn across a unified landscape Installed after settlement with no regard to culture. colonial boundaries and truce lines Ex > Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, many former colonies in Africa, Berlin Wall >> West Bank Wall/M.E

Origin Based Classifications 4. Relic - boundaries that are not currently relevant but have been in the past - and have important cultural/social implications. Ex > Former boundary b/w North and South Vietnam

Unitary vs. Federal States Unitary - Countries with highly centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity and borders that are clearly cultural as well as political. (Ex. Sweden) Federal - A state with a two tiered system of government and a clear distinction between the powers vested in the central government and those residing in the governments of the component regional subdivisions. (Ex. USA, Poland) Good for a country with few nationalities, or nation state Good for a country with lots of different nationalities

Gerrymandering Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting one party Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Mass. 1810-1812 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mky11UJb9AY&feature=plcp Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

Irredentism A country claiming land currently owned by another country based on common ancestry or historical ownership.