1 The Origin of Gravity ≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡ München 2009 by Albrecht Giese, Hamburg The Origin of Gravity 1

/gravity 2 1.: In Einstein’s theory: - ‘c’ is constant and a light beam moves straight - Space-time is curved 2.A: Equivalently (almost) - ‘c’ is variable and light follows the refraction law - Space and time are conventional Content ‘ 2.B: Gravity is refraction rather than a force The Origin of Gravity 2 The 2 alternatives for GR / Gravity

3 Space and Time 3 ‘ What is Space? How do we measure space? Can we measure space? The Origin of Gravity

4 4

5 5 ? ? ?? ? ? ‘ Conclusion: Space cannot be directly measured; space is a concept Measurable physics are about objects and fields

6 Space and Time 6 ‘ What is Time? In Special Relativity this means: What is Dilation? Lorentz-Transformation of Time: The Origin of Gravity Plausible conclusion: The physical counterpart to Time is an internal motion within an elementary particle

7 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed  Structure of an Elementary Particle: ‘ No conflict with experiments! (de Broglie 1924 ) (Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30) (Relativity) (Momentum law) orbit (Spin, mag. moment) 7 The Origin of Gravity This is called here the Basic Particle Model valid for every elementary particle

8 8 Special Relativity: Dilation ‘ 222 vcq  Pythagoras cRT  2  qRT  2'  2 2 1/1 ' c v q c T T  i.e. the Lorentz-Factor v „Speed of proper time“ The Origin of Gravity

/rmass 9 Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ The Origin of Gravity 9

/rmass 10 The Mass Equation ‘ The classical magnetic moment:    Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m universal for all elem. particles! 10 The Origin of Gravity

/gravity 11 Now ‘ The Origin of Gravity 11 General Relativity / Gravity with / without Einstein

/gravity 12 The Shapiro-Experiment:   ‘ c c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction 12 Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c The Origin of Gravity

/gravity 13 The gravitational field of the sun: The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: ‘ Now: Acceleration at rest!! P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Integrating deflection 2  from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec  13 This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The Origin of Gravity

/gravity14 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): ‘ Gravit. Source c c No dependency of the mass! 14 The Origin of Gravity

/gravity15 Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 15 Schwarzschild Solution: is the starting point for the classical proofs of General Relativity: - Perihelion Advance - Gravitational Lensing - … The Origin of Gravity

/gravity16 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 16 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Origin of Gravity

17 The Physical Causes of Relativity 17 ‘ Field Equations Riemann Geometry As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein

/gravity18 The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein ‘ 18 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity 19  Gravity is the change of the speed of light in the vicinity of an object What is Gravity?  Gravity has nothing to do with mass ‘ The Origin of Gravity 19 But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object?

/gravity20 Why is ‘c’ reduced? Average speed < c ‘ Reduction of c independent of Radius  independent of mass --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle 20 Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! c The Origin of Gravity

/gravity 21  Dark Matter  Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)  Quantum Gravity ‘ The Origin of Gravity 21 Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology

/gravity 22 The Dark Matter Problem: Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy ‘ The Origin of Gravity

/gravity 23 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 ‘ halo (of dark matter) photons The Origin of Gravity 23 Axions, neutralinos etc

/gravity 24 Inflation ‘ The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed  requirement for contracted space The Origin of Gravity 24 c/c Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space Alternativ:

/gravity 25 Need for Dark Energy? ‘ Development of the Universe: c/c Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The Origin of Gravity 25 Doppler-Effekt: If ‚c‘ was higher at ealy times then we get – from the formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae. The acceleration at later times disappear. Doppler- Effekt:

/gravity 26 What are the benefits of this interpretation of General Relativity and of gravity? i.e.: (i) the particle model, (ii) variable ‘c’, (iii) conventional space and time  The “Dark Matter” phenomenon Summary  The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)  The “only attracting” effect B. The model explains:  The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)  Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory - QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE C. The model avoids: 26 The Physical Causes of Relativity A. The model is mathematically easy and is based on a physical understanding – can even be taught at school ‘ ‘  The apparent expansion phenomenon - “Dark Energy” or “Cosmological Constant  Gravity numerically like Einstein at least up to Schwarzschild