Diachronic Change in Loanword Constraint Rankings An analysis of multiple outputs for the same input in English Loanwords in Korean

Loanword Phonology  Too-Many-Solutions  P-Map Hierarchy  Output-Output (OO) v. Input-Output (IO)  Diachronic Changes 2 (Kang 2008, 2011)

Too-many-solutions  When encountering English [b, d, g], Korean phonology can conform these sounds in two different ways:  Tense /p*, t*, k*/  Lax /p, t, k/ 3 (Kang 2011)

P-Map Hierarchy  Given a phonological constraint C and a phonetic map M, C is said to be grounded with respect to M if the phonetic effectiveness of C is greater than that of all neighbors of C of equal or lesser complexity. 4 (Hayes 1999)

OO v. IO  When is comes to English stops in Korean, keeping as similar to the “ideal” English output is preferred.  Assign one * for every segment in the Korean output that does not match/mimic the English output. 5 (Kang et al. 2008)

Diachronic Change 1930s  VOT more salient  Tense stops more similar to English stop output  OO and P-Map Hierarchy come into play Present Day Korean (PDK)  F0 more salient  Thus, lax is more similar to English output  OO and P-Map Hierarchy come into play 6 (Kang 2008)

Sample Data Bonus[bon ə s][p*on ∧ s* ɨ ] Belt[belt][pelt h ɨ ] Dollar[dal ŗ ][t*alla] Disk[dIsk][tis ɨ k h ɨ ] Gas[gas][k*as* ɨ ] Guide[gaid][kait ɨ ] 7 (Kang 2008)

Analysis  If you look at the vowels following, there is overlap, so we know the environments are all the same  They are allophones of the same phoneme, but they are only predictable by when they were introduced to the Korean language, not due to position or environment.  Two different outputs to the same input 8

Proposal  Because the older English loanwords have not assimilated to the new output schema, they are working on a separate constraint ranking. One passed down through generations. 9

Phonetic Tense  VOT  Shorter  F0  High Lax  VOT  Longer  F0  Low 10

Phonology Tense + Tense - Spread HIGH Lax - Tense - Spread LOW 11 (Kim et al. 2003)

Minimal?  If we consider that lax and tense stops differ in 2 features, they are not exactly minimal pairs. Thus, I propose 2 different constraints to accommodate this: 12

Constraints  TENSE  Assign one * for every [+voice, +cons, -cont] segment in the input that is not [+tense] in the ourput  LOW  Assign one * for every [LOW, +cons, -cont] segment in the input that is not [LOW] in the output  When making these constraints, the features of aspirated need to be considered so that it doesn’t get pulled into the mix accidentally. Lax is [- tense, +spread, HIGH] 13

Old Tableau /bon ə s/TENSELOW  [p*ón ∧ s* ɨ ] * [pòn ∧ s* ɨ ] *W*W L [p h ón ∧ s* ɨ ] *W*W * 14

New Tableau 15 /belt/LOWTENSE  [pèlt h ɨ ] * [p*élt h ɨ ] *W*W L [p h élth ɨ ] *W*W *

Conclusions  It does seem that there are two constraint rankings for these two different sets of loanwords. Though, there is still much more to de analyzed:  Such as, connection to frequency in corpus (old words) and how that affects the acquirement of the old ranking system. 16

References Kang, Yoonjung. “Tensification of voiced stops in English loanwords in Korean.” Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics XII (2008): Web. 16 Apr Kim, Mi-Ryoung, and San Duanmu. ""Tense" and "Lax" Stops in Korean." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 13 (Jan., 2004): Print. Lee, Juhee. The Phonology of Loanwords and Lexical Stratification in Korean: with Special Reference to English Loanwords in Korean (Dissertation, University of Essex, 2003). Microfilm. 17