Bones, Muscles, Joints and Movement

Anatomical Position Helps us to understand positions and spacial locations of certain parts

Bones Can you name all the bones?? 12 1 13 14 2 3 15 4 16 5 6 17 7 18 Skull Humerus 1 Clavicle 13 14 Sternum Ulna 2 Radius 3 15 Scapula Carpals 4 16 Ribs Metacarpals 5 Phalanges 6 17 Vertebrae 7 Pelvis 18 Femur Sacrum 8 19 Patella Tarsals 9 20 Tibia Metatarsals 10 21 Fibula Phalanges 11

Can you name all the muscles?? 15 1 16 9 17 2 10 18 3 11 19 12 20 4 13 5 6 21 7 22 8 14 23

UPPER BODY - BACK Trapezius: Neck muscle Deltoid: Shoulder muscle 15 Deltoid: Shoulder muscle 16 Tricep: Muscle at the back of the arm 17 Latissimus Dorsi: Wing (back) muscles 18 Flexor Carpi: Forearm muscles 19

UPPER BODY - FRONT Trapezius Pectorals: Chest muscles Deltoid 9 Pectorals: Chest muscles Deltoid 1 Bicep: Muscles at front top of arm 2 Abdominals: Core (trunk) muscles 11 Obliques: Side muscles 10 Extensor Carpi: Forearm muscles 3

LOWER BODY - BACK Gluteus Maximus: Bottom muscles 20 Hamstrings: Back of the thigh 21 Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle 22 Soleus: Ankle muscle 23

LOWER BODY - FRONT Illiopsoas: Hip muscle Adductor: Inner Thigh muscle 12 Adductor: Inner Thigh muscle 13 Sartorius 4 5 Rectus Femoris Quadracep: Thigh muscle Vastus Lateralis 6 Vastus Medialis 7 Tibialis Anterior: Shin muscle 8 Soleus 14

MUSCLES Abdominus Rectus

Types of Joints Immovable Joints (synarthrotic) Joints that are fused for strength Slightly Movable Joints (amphiarthrosis) Joints which bind bones together to make up the skeleton with limited movement Freely Movable Joints (diarthrosis) Joints which allow for movement Also called Synovial Joints

Synovial Joints Synovial Fluid lubricates the joint Cartilage protects bone ends from friction and acts as a shock absorber The Capsule surrounds the joint to prevent leakage Ligaments attach Bone to Bone Tendons attach Muscle to Bone Synovial Membrane seals the joint

6 Basic Joints

Based on the different planes that a joint can move through How do we remember? Based on the different planes that a joint can move through 1. Uniaxial – Joints that move in ONE direction HINGE JOINT – moves back and forth e.g Elbow, Knee PIVOT JOINT – rotates around an axis e.g Atlas and Axis

2. Biaxial – Joints that move in TWO directions SADDLE JOINT – moves back and forth - moves side to side e.g Thumb, ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT – moves back and forth - moves side to side e.g Metacarpophalangeal Wrist

3. Triaxial – Joints that move in THREE directions BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – moves back and forth - moves side to side - moves in a circle e.g Hip, Shoulder GLIDING JOINT – slides back and forth - slides side to side - slides in a circle *Very Small Movement*

Movement FLEXION – to reduce the angle between the two bones EXTENSION – to increase the angle between the two bones HYPEREXTENSION – to increase the angle further than the normal position

Movement ABDUCTION (ab, from)– To move away from the longitudinal axis of the body (normal standing position) ADDUCTION (ad, to)– to move back toward the normal position

Movement CIRCUMDUCTION – to draw a large circle ROTATION – to turn around an axis. It may be: Left or Right Inward or Outward

Specific Joint Movement

Spinal Column Movements The vertebral column has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion and Rotation.

SHOULDER GIRDLE The shoulder girdle has the following normal ranges of movement: Elevation, Depression, Adduction and Abduction.

SHOULDER JOINT The shoulder joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction and Medial Rotation.

ELBOW JOINT The elbow joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Pronation and Supination.

WRIST JOINT The wrist joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction and Circumduction.

HIP JOINT The hip joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation.

KNEE JOINT The knee joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion and Extension

ANKLE JOINT The ankle joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Plantar Flexion, Dorsi Flexion, Inversion and Eversion.

Muscle Movements Muscles work in pairs to create movement Prime muscles contract to exert forces which in turn shift bones to perform movements. This means prime movers contract (pull) on bones while the opposite muscle relaxes The prime movers are called Agonsists while the opposite muscles are called Antagonists

Movements Take for example a bicep curl; the bicep is the prime muscle mover (agonist) needed to curl the arm. These muscles shorten. The triceps are the opposite muscles (antagonists) that help stabilise the movement. These muscles lengthen.

What muscles cause these movements? BENCH PRESS

Pull Up (Chins)

Hip flexion

Hip Extension GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

Knee Flexion and Extension HAMSTRINGS QUADRICEPS

Elbow Flexion and Extension TRICEPS BICEP