ComLSI Cables July Multi-Gbps Cable Development (2005 – 2011) Raj Nair, ComLSI July 3, 2012

ComLSI Cables July Customer Enquiry: 30m HDMI 1.Target process technology a.CMOS b.Migration path 0.18µ Analog3.3V operation 2.Performance desired a.Peak transmit data rate (over DVI cable) b.Power consumption (chip incl. PHY) c.Signaling d.Distance (cable length) e.Bit-error rate 2.5 Gb/s <500mW LVDS 30M <1E-10 (per channel, stretch target!) (dependent upon θ ja, TBD) Stretch target! 1E-9 pixel error DVI spec 3.System features desired a.Signaling protocol b.Dual-function Bi-directional Signaling IOs c.Auto-recognition (input/output function) TMDS / TD BDSD IO <100ms? Min. EMI, true-differential Single-bus, bidirectional Data 4.Receive (Rx) blocks a.Input receivers (TMDS-DVI, LVDS) b.Impedance matching c.Receiver equalization d.Data sampler (de-serialize) e.Clock Receive PLL f.Wide Range Sampling DLL In EAS ±20%? 1-bit FIR? 3-bits per UI? MHz ~133ps resol. Dependent on cable/conn. 3X Ovr-Smpl, or Clk-Extr? Receive and transmit XCLKs Can the sampling DLL and Clock Receive PLL share? 5.Transmit (Tx) blocks a.Serializer / sequencer b.LVDS drivers c.TMDS drivers d.Pre-emphasis (equalization) e.Impedance matching to cable CML/ 750mv 1-bit, % ? ± 30%? 75ps rise/fall (parasitics?) 75ps rise/fall Edge spectral enhancement TBD, cable-measurements Reference “Pelican SerDes Proposal”, plan document, August 2005, ComLSI. Image src: Amazon.com® PNY® Active HDMI Cable.Pelican SerDes Proposal

ComLSI Cables July Feasibility Studies Reference “Pelican EAS Options”, plan document, September 2005, ComLSI.Pelican EAS Options

ComLSI Cables July Architectural Eval (Syst. Sims) Reference “Pelican Arch Eval - Plan”, plan document, September 2005, ComLSI.Pelican Arch Eval - Plan

ComLSI Cables July System & Cable Modeling/Sims CAT-5 equivalent 2-D EM model, losses ~1dB/m at 2.5Gbps, 25m length => Closed EYE… Reference D. Bennett, “CAT5 Cable Modeling for DVI/HDMI Links”, 2006 online publication, ComLSI.CAT5 Cable Modeling for DVI/HDMI Links

ComLSI Cables July Benefits of Spectral Equalization Reference “BER and SI of CAT5 DVI/HDMI Cables”, 2006 online publication, ComLSI.BER and SI of CAT5 DVI/HDMI Cables Resonant equalization for the 25m cable at 2.5Gbps opens EYE…

ComLSI Cables July IP Core Development Kickoff  MOU signed formalizing work Including proposal, resource plan, tools, project cost estimates  Rev. 0 IP Specification transferred Preliminary circuit block diagrams, EAS, etc.  Circuit Design team ramped up Hiring efforts ramped up to locate additional design resources to apply to additional projects (small team!). Core analog design resources at ComLSI dedicated to Pelican.  Formal Contract Negotiations initiated with customer and a marketing consultant + Raj at ComLSI. Agreement signed by November ’05. References “Rev.0 IP Spec”, September 2005, ComLSI. Project agreements: MOU, September ’05, IP Development Contract, November ‘05.Rev.0 IP SpecMOUIP Development Contract

ComLSI Cables July Integrator-Vendor Mode Request  Customer request: ComLSI part of their team Customer servers installed on-site, site-site VPN, shared tools, weekly database transfers into customer’s environment Reduced tool costs, improved co-design & top-level integration  Weekly progress and key results update Results shared weekly. Issues uncovered were discussed and resolved at weekly project meetings But… specification creep, multi-use requirements arose  IP change resolutions ECO process initiated. Simplified cost calculation for additional or modified IP developed. References “Week 7 Report”, “Week 10 Report”, ComLSI.Week 7 ReportWeek 10 Report

ComLSI Cables July Linear Regulators and PLL HDMI Wideband, Low- Jitter Supply-Isolated Clock Synthesizer PLL References “Wideband Linear Voltage Regulator Review”, and “Phase Locked Loop Review”, December ‘05/January ‘06, ComLSI.Wideband Linear Voltage Regulator ReviewPhase Locked Loop Review

ComLSI Cables July CBDS Silicon IP CBDS * Transceiver with De-emphasis, Active Receiver Equalization & SERDES * Patented, US , additional references “SerDes Review”, February 2006, and “Pelican IP”, ComLSI SerDes ReviewPelican IP

ComLSI Cables July Pelican Closure  Validated IP delivered by July 2006 Customer confident continuing chip development on their own They invested $2M more in active cable development  Filed patents & published findings CBDS patent granted Published at the International Society for Consumer Electronics 2007 conference, Dallas, TX  Marketed IP Interest in HDMI silicon IP continued to increase, but we were at least one process generation behind References “Pelican Microarchitecture” July 2006, USPTO filings, online: “HDMI Secrets…”, and “Enhancing Digital SI in Cables”, ISCE 2007.Pelican MicroarchitectureHDMI SecretsEnhancing Digital SI in Cables

ComLSI Cables July Post-Pelican Cable R&D Informal relationship with faculty at IIT-Madras, India

ComLSI Cables July Cable R&D Testing

ComLSI Cables July Shielded Flat Pair & Cable ‘07 US Patent # US Patent # & Pending (2011)Pending

ComLSI Cables July Shielded Flat Pair Benefits Shielded Flat Pair (SFP) cable assemblies minimize intra-pair, inter-pair skew, impedance discontinuities, and crosstalk issues employing flattened conductors and untwisted wire pairs. SFP’s mitigate manufacturing variation induced intra-pair skew / Z-variation. SFP cables reduce skin-effect related loss without increasing copper use, while prior art increases copper use quadratically. SFP’s enable reduction of attenuation and dispersion through Heaviside condition based design.Heaviside SFP cables are an improvement over Belden® bonded pair cables, which employ wire-pair (variable) twist with higher skin-effect loss, skew, and crosstalk. Belden generates >50% of its revenues ($2.0B in 2009) from cable and networking products, which employ Belden® bonded pair technology: ex.phtml ex.phtml SFP cables reduce conductor copper use reducing cable weight and cost in skin-effect limited cables. US patent & 1 pending patent protect best mode implementation of SFP’s and SFP cables. No obligations or encumbrances exist pending patent

ComLSI Cables July HDMI Cables Opportunity (2006) (est)2009 (est) HDMI Ports380M1200M Cable: Cust. Home Inst. 1.6M, ~$230M Commercial 1.3M, ~$210M Consumer 24.2M, ~$970M OEM 2.9M, ~$90M 3X $1.5B$2.5-$3B Sources: InStat, Others Large Market opportunity. Anticipated growth. 1% penetration suffices!!

ComLSI Cables July Characteristic Vectors PERFORMANCE LENGTH PRICE

ComLSI Cables July Market Major Categories CUSTOM INST. COMMERCIAL CONSUMER, OEM

ComLSI Cables July Market Segmentation (’06) CUSTOM INST. COMMERCIAL CONSUMER, OEM

ComLSI Cables July Preliminary Findings (2007)  HDMI v1.3 transmissions at 25m+ lengths possible, but challenges exist  Category-II performance  3.4Gbps data rate per wire pair with < 1E10 BER  1.2M 3D capable TV’s in 2010, 9.7M in  Advancements in Signaling ongoing  HDMI adopting best practices of LVDS  New techniques such as self-terminating CBDS  Active Cable technology in CE products  Equalization, Gain, De-Skew, Signal Repeaters, etc. 1 Forecast by Screen Digest in

ComLSI Cables July Active Cables – Thunderbolt, ‘11 Source Pictures by iFixit, link: Genuum 2033 transceiversGenuum 2033 transceivers for 2-5m thin-gauge copper cables, while Thunderbolt (electrical) is limited to 3m, “Optical 10’s of meters”

ComLSI Cables July Thunderbolt & Pricing  Custom Home Installation & Commercial HDMI Average ASP ~= $150 based upon cable length mix Cable length population between 5m to 10m  Consumer Average ASP ~= $40; Cable lengths 1m to 5m  OEM’s Average ASP ~= $30; Cable lengths 1m to 3m New developments such as Thunderbolt cables ($49 retail, 2011) change this significantly. PNY active HDMI cable shown at beginning is $19.95 today!

ComLSI Cables July Preliminary Active Cable Data Source Cable loss information from NewryNewry

ComLSI Cables July Cable Data Summary Gain extends length, depending upon AWG (28, 26, 24…) Material (PTFE, ePTFE etc.) Wire-pair architecture (STP, Twin Axial, others – FWP?) Cable architecture (FWP, minimizing skew, crosstalk?) 4X gain (12dB) provides, roughly, and in theory, 8 to 12Gbps for 5m and 3m, 26AWG, STP, PTFE cables 14 to 30Gbps for 5m to 3m, 24AWG, ePTFE cables Thunderbolt is 10Gbps, two channels at intro Fundamental wire-pair/cable enhancements can do this? Consumer need is cables from 1m to 5m max, largest market segment!

ComLSI Cables July Consumer Need Reiterated  1080P, deep color, true-HD, 3D TV  Category-II performance  3.4Gbps data rate per wire pair with < 1E10 BER  1.2M 3D capable TV’s in 2010, 9.7M in  Flexible, easy-to-install, layman-proof  Customer insulated from technology, plug-n-play  Minimized electronics form factor (power, thermal considerations)  Low price  ~70% of market. 1 Forecast by Screen Digest in

ComLSI Cables July Shielded Flat Pair Prototyping References “FWP Dimension Calculator”, “FWP and cable design guidelines”, Prototype, & “Prototype test results”, November 2011, ComLSI.FWP Dimension CalculatorFWP and cable design guidelinesPrototypePrototype test results As fabricated Correction

ComLSI Cables July Summary Silicon innovation transforming multimedia cables Scaling to higher performance accompanied by: Thin, light, flexible cable form factor Low cost dominating consumer electronics need Industry bigwigs working together (Intel®, Apple®) Fundamental interconnect improvements are key Improved performance with reduced Cu (low cost) Interconnect design minimizing issues such as intra-pair skew, loss minimizes needed electronics integration (low power, low cost) Design + Fabrication partnerships essential; clearly not a one-way street in high performance cable product development

ComLSI Cables July Backup

ComLSI Cables July ComLSI Design Core Strengths Turnkey ASIC Circuit Design Custom Turnkey Analog Silicon for power integrity and signal integrity management. Signal integrity enhancement in interconnect. Power Integrity Signal Integrity ComLSI Core Strengths

ComLSI Cables July ComLSI Cables Team 90+ person years of experience 40+ patents held, numerous Industry & IEEE journal publications  Raj Nair 20+ years, Electronics, Analog & Interconnect Design for high-speed signaling, Entrepreneur  Dr. Donald Bennett 20+ years, Device Physics, EDA Software, Cable & Transmission Line Modeling  Dr. Balaji Srinivasan (India), 15+ years, Assoc. Prof, Electrical Engineering, IIT-M  Rajalakshmi K (India) 20+ years, Cables QC/QA/ Manufacturing  Dr. Siva Narendra, 15+ years, Business Dev.