Male Reproductive System CHAPTER 16 Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System Overview Functions of male reproductive system Produce, sustain, and transport sperm Propel sperm during sexual intercourse Copulation Produce testosterone

Male Reproductive Primary Organs Testicles = male gonads Small ovoid glands Responsible for production of sperm Seminiferous tubules Responsible for secretion of testosterone Scrotum Sac located posterior to the penis Suspended from the perineum Houses the testicles

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Epididymis Tightly coiled tubule that resembles a comma Sperm mature in the epididymis, becoming fertile and motile Mature sperm are stored in lower portion of epididymis

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Vas Deferens Also called the ductus deferens Straight tube continuous with the epididymis Enlarges to form an sacklike dilation (ampulla) near prostate gland Merges with the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Seminal vesicles Secrete a thick, yellowish fluid known as seminal fluid Constitutes a large part of the volume of the semen

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Prostate gland Lies just below the urinary bladder Surrounds the base of the urethra as it leaves the bladder Transports thin, milky colored, alkaline secretions that enhance the motility of the sperm Secretion also helps neutralize the secretions within the vagina Muscular action of gland aids in expelling semen from the body

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Urethra Serves both urinary system and male reproductive system Transports urine from the bladder and semen when ejaculated, to the outside of the body Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) Secrete alkaline, mucous-like fluid that provides lubrication during sexual intercourse

Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Penis Male organ of copulation Tip of penis called the glans penis Prepuce or Foreskin Retractable fold of skin that covers the glans penis Urethra extends the length of the penis and ends as an opening at the tip of the glans penis Opening is called the urinary meatus

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Male Reproductive System

Anorchism Pronounced Defined (an-OR-kizm) Absence of one or both testicles

Balanitis Pronounced Defined (bal-ah-NYE-tis) Inflammation of glans penis and mucous membrane beneath it

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Pronounced (bee-NYEN pross-TAT-ik high-PER-troh-fee) Defined Benign enlargement of prostate gland Creates pressure on upper part of urethra or neck of the bladder, causing obstruction to flow of urine

Carcinoma of the Prostate Pronounced (car-sin-OH-mah of the PROSS-tayt) Defined Malignant growth within prostate gland Creates pressure on upper part of urethra

Carcinoma of the Testes Pronounced (car-sin-OH-mah of the TESS-teez) Defined Malignant tumor of testicle that appears as a painless lump Also called testicular cancer

Cryptorchidism Pronounced Defined (kript-OR-kid-izm) Condition of undescended testicle(s) Absence of one or both testicles from scrotum

Epispadias Pronounced Defined (ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as) Congenital defect in which urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans

Hydrocele Pronounced Defined (high-DROH-seel) Accumulation of fluid in any saclike cavity or duct Particularly the scrotal sac or along the spermatic cord

Hypospadias Pronounced (high-poh-SPAY-dee-as) Defined Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the end

Impotence Pronounced Defined (IM-poh-tens) Inability of a male to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis

Inguinal Hernia Pronounced Defined (ING-gwih-nal HER-nee-ah) Protrusion of a part of the intestine through a weakened spot in the muscles and membranes of inguinal region of the abdomen Intestine pushes into, and sometimes fills, the entire scrotal sac in the male

Orchitis Pronounced Defined (or-KIGH-tis) Inflammation of the testes due to a virus, bacterial infection, or injury Condition may affect one or both testes Typically results from the mumps virus

Phimosis Pronounced Defined (fih-MOH-sis) Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis that prevents it from being pulled back Opening of the foreskin narrows due to the tightness and may cause some difficulty with urination

Premature Ejaculation Pronounced (premature ee-jak-yoo-LAY-shun) Defined Discharge of seminal fluid prior to complete erection of the penis or immediately after the penis has been introduced into the vaginal canal

Prostatitis Pronounced Defined (pross-tah-TYE-tis) Inflammation of the prostate gland May be acute or chronic May be due to bacterial invasion

Varicocele Pronounced Defined (VAIR-ih-koh-seel) Abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord leading to the testicle

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Male and Female

AIDS Pronounced Defined (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Deadly virus that destroys the body’s immune system by invading the helper T lymphocytes (T cells) T cells play an important part in the body’s immune response Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates itself within the T cells, destroys the lymphocyte, and then invades other lymphocytes

Chlamydia Pronounced Defined (klah-MID-ee-ah) Sexually transmitted bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the cervix in women and inflammation of the urethra and the epididymis in men

Genital Herpes Pronounced Defined (JEN-ih-tal HER-peez) Highly contagious viral infection of the male and female genitalia, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) Also known as venereal herpes Differs from other sexually transmitted diseases in that it can recur spontaneously once the virus has been acquired

Genital Warts Pronounced Defined (JEN-ih-tal warts) Small, cauliflower-like, fleshy growths usually seen along the penis in the male and in or near the vagina in women Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Transmitted from person to person through sexual intercourse

Gonorrhea Pronounced Defined (gon-oh-REE-ah) Sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the mucous membrane of the genital tract in men and women, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner Can be passed from infected mother to her infant during the birth process

Syphilis Pronounced Defined (SIF-ih-lis) Sexually transmitted disease characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner If left untreated, disease passes through three stages, each with characteristic signs and symptoms

Syphilis Primary syphilis Characterized by appearance of a small, painless, red pustule on the skin or mucous membrane Known as a chancre Develops on the penis of the male and the labia of the vagina in females Appears within 10 days to a few weeks after exposure

Syphilis Secondary syphilis Occurs approximately two months later if primary phase is left untreated Dominant sign is non-itching rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet May also experience headache, sore throat, fever, malaise, anorexia, and bone and joint pain

Syphilis Secondary syphilis Disease is still contagious during second stage Can be treated effectively with penicillin Dormant period follows secondary stage For 5 to 20 years before reappearing in its final stage

Syphilis Tertiary syphilis Final and most serious stage of the untreated disease By third stage, lesions have invaded body organs and systems Lesions of tertiary syphilis are not reversible, do not respond to treatment with penicillin and can lead to life-threatening disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and heart

Syphilis Primary Syphilis: Male

Trichomoniasis Pronounced Defined (trik-oh-moh-NYE-as-sis) Sexually transmitted protozoal infection of the vagina, urethra, or prostate Causative organism is Trichomonas vaginalis Women will experience itching and burning, and a strong-smelling vaginal discharge that is greenish-yellow

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS AND PROCEDURES Male Reproductive System

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Castration Surgical removal of the testicles in the male (or the ovaries in the female) Known as an orchidectomy or orchiectomy in the male Known as an oophorectomy in the female

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Cystoscopy Process of visualizing the urinary tract through a cystoscope that has been inserted in the urethra Circumcision Surgical procedure in which the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis is removed

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Circumcision Before After procedure

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures FTA-ABS Test Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test Serological test for syphilis (performed on blood serum)

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) Radiographic procedure that provides visualization of the entire urinary tract Contrast dye is injected intravenously and multiple x-ray films are taken as the medium is cleared from the blood by the glomerular filtration of the kidney Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Orchidectomy Surgical removal of a testicle Also called orchiectomy Orchidopexy Surgical fixation of a testicle Also called orchiopexy

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Semen analysis Assessment of a sample of semen for volume, viscosity, sperm count, sperm motility, and percentage of any abnormal sperm Radical prostatectomy Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland as a treatment for cancer Suprapubic prostatectomy Surgical removal of the prostate gland by making an incision into the abdominal wall, just above the pubis

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR or TURP) Surgical removal of prostate gland by inserting a resectoscope through urethra and into bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from prostate

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Vasectomy Surgical cutting and tying of the vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm, consequently preventing pregnancy Male sterilization

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures VDRL test Serological test for syphilis widely used to test for primary and secondary syphilis Performed on blood serum VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory

Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Wet mount; Wet prep Microscopic examination of fresh vaginal or male urethral secretions to test for presence of living organisms