Skyscrapers J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) M.Eng. Engineering Science (Penn State) Ph.D. Electrical & Computer Engineering (U. Delaware) Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego) And one year as a Physics Grad at San Francisco State Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

AGENDA Worlds Tallest Building -- Burj Khalifa Engineering Innovations leading to skyscrapers Selected Skyscrapers Course Text Pages 443-454 (“Skyscrapers”) Course Text Pages 443-529 -- pages relevant to skyscrapers in readings about these selected Modern and Postmodern architects: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright Not a major contributor to skyscrapers, but America's greatest architect with one notable high-rise Le Corbusia Phillip Johnson Worlds Tallest Building -- Burj Khalifa Vertical City – Shanghai Tower Course Text is “Buildings Across Time” by M Fazio, et al. 2014

History Prior to 1800’s, most buildings not very tall, and mostly made of unreinforced masonry or wood Early 1800’s: First cast-iron frames and building fronts (often painted to look like stone or other materials) 1865+ Industrial revolution – mass production

Engineering innovations that led to skyscrapers

- Romans used it extensively from 300BC to 475AD CONCRETE A mix of AGGREGATE (rocks) and a cementations binding material (CEMENT) - Romans used it extensively from 300BC to 475AD Image From: http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Roman-cement- Image From: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg

A COMPOSITE MATERIAL of: Concrete (High Compression strength) REINFORCED Concrete A COMPOSITE MATERIAL of: Concrete (High Compression strength) 2. Steel Reinforcing-Bars (“Re-Bar”) (High tensile strength) A Wunderlich family project included reinforced concrete ……

Tall buildings were a result of rising urban real estate values, and the desire of businesses to remain in the center of activity Image From http://www.photographium.com/sites/default/files/new_yorks_business_district_from_woodbridge_building._new_york._1901_0.jpg

REINFORCED concrete allows taller structures than unreinforced concrete or masonry Image From: http://www.gharexpert.com/mid/611200835306.jpg

REINFORCED concrete Image From: http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/540784/112469150/stock-photo-high-rise-construction-site-with-a-concrete-structure-in-the-process-of-being-built-as-a-commercial-112469150.jpg

“SLIP FORMS” allows taller buildings REINFORCED Concrete “SLIP FORMS” allows taller buildings But steel frames needed for really tall buildings …………………………… Image From http://www.wlport-land.com/images/xSlip1.jpg Image From http://www.structuremag.org/images/0407-f1-1.jpg

we want it strong, but Ductile (flexible) STEEL an ALLOY of IRON and other elements including chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and CARBON (most common) we want it strong, but Ductile (flexible) Image From : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Steel_pd.svg/420px-Steel_pd.svg.png

STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES can melt, so fire safety coatings developed (in Chicago after great fire of 1874) handle large LATERAL LOADS wind seismic (earthquake) forces in one of two ways: “BRACED-FRAME” Diagonal braces OR “MOMENT CONNECTION” Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg

BRACED-FRAME Cheaper MOMENT CONNECTION (“MOMENT” = “TORQUE”) Un-obstructed views out windows Simpler interiors Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.graitec.com/en/images/products/ad_bracings_01.jpg Image From: http://www.stlsi.com/images/DSC01209.JPG Image From: http://programas.cype.es/imagen/nuevoMetal3D/union_I_soldada_49.gif Image From: https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.net/screenshots/pics/a97c97f0e72c8856c002117a53f2bb1b/medium.jpg Image From: http://buildipedia.com/images/masterformat/Channels/On_Site/Technical_Lessons_Learned/Steel_Connection.jpg

BRACED-FRAME MOMENT CONNECTION Image From: http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/brb_02.jpg Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

“Wide-Flange” steel beam or column (sometimes called an “I beam”) helped allow taller buildings Great: Flexural Strength Compression Strength Shear Strength Tensile Strength Image From: http://www.architectionary.com/uploads/WideFlangeSection/wshape.jpg

Glass CURTAIN WALL common in modern commercial buildings Image From: http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/stainless-steel-fixing-systems-suspended-curtain-wall-55078-1714337.jpg

Glass CURTAIN WALL Image From: http://www.extal.com/userfiles/products/msg/Msg_02.jpg

High-speed elevators for skyscrapers -- use cables and electric motors Hydraulic elevators for short buildings Image From: http://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/orig/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/images/chapter6_4_10/fig1_1.jpg Image From: http://www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20070505/Highrise-Construction-306455.jpg

Elevator SAFETY-SYSTEMS allowed taller buildings Braking system stops elevator from free-fall if cable snaps or melts Also, hydraulic buffers are at bottoms of shafts to dampen a falling elevator Image From: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/runaway-elevator-2.gif

Typical High-rise Structural Load carried by core and columns Glass curtain wall doesn’t carry load This allows a SHELL to be built, followed by TENANT IMPROVEMENTS in interior Tenants given a fixed $ per square foot, and they use a different architect (“SPACE PLANNER”) Image From: http://www.expresstowers.in/images/floor_plan1_1.jpg

Selected Skyscrapers

1884 Home Insurance Building Chicago First “Steel Skeleton” – but also much cast iron, and first floor had masonry load-bearing walls Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building

1889 Rand McNally Building Chicago First to use Structural Steel for entire frame Image From: http://www.appstate.edu/~riedme/burnham&root/gallery.html

Architects Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan 1890 Wainwright Building St. Louis Architects Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan Frank Lloyd Wright (a protégée of Louis Sullivan ) called building: "the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture” Building has a base, a middle section, and a top, like a classical column Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building

1894 Reliance Building Chicago External skin of terracotta and glass clipped onto internal steel skeleton Precursor to glass curtain walls of 1960’s and 70’s Image From: http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/CHICAGO/CHIC-LS/018-reliance1a.gif

1902 Flatiron Building New York One of the first very tall buildings 1902 Flatiron Building New York Image From: http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP24A.jpg

1913 Woolworth Building New York Neo-Gothic Architectural Style Image From http://www.cassgilbertsociety.org/images/works/f/nyc-woolworth-bldg2.jpg

1930 Chrysler Building New York Art Deco Architectural Style Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

1931 Empire State Building New York Art Deco Architectural Style The Word’s tallest building for 40 years View of Chrysler Building from Empire State Building Images From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg Image From: http://www.central-nyc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg

Modern Architect Le Corbusia International Architectural Style Image From:

Modern Architect Le Corbusia a planned city concept Image From: http://images.quickblogcast.com/112243-104805/LeCorbusier21.jpg?a=66

1945 Unité d'Habitation Marseille, France Modern Architect Le Corbusia 1945 Unité d'Habitation Marseille, France International Architectural Style Image From: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/CorbuCache/410x480_2049_791.jpg

1952 Price Tower Bartlesville, Oklahoma Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright 1952 Price Tower Bartlesville, Oklahoma “Wright persuaded Harold Price to build his HQ of 57,000 sq ft on 19 floors instead of 25,000 sq ft on three floors. Wright showed him how the delivery of all basic services, power, climate control, plumbing, and communications, was simpler and more efficient via a central stack” REFERENCE http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jul/31/drawaskyscraperonyourblot Image From http://0.tqn.com/d/architecture/1/0/9/v/PriceTower.jpg

Modern Architect Frank Lloyd Wright “Wright was a different kind of “Modern” architect Wright was inspired by nature (as was his mentor Lois Sullivan), and by Japanese art & architecture Image From http://arthistorygalore.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/robie-house-by-flw.jpg Image From http://mstecker.com/images/japm/mm-DSCF6597a1.jpg Image From http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lnqqdDEXvEE/Ue9YRv5NsMI/AAAAAAAAB4w/s5LJCy5dkXE/s1600/frank+lloyd+wright.jpg

Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Image From: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_KPi80bac28/TamFG20NbrI/AAAAAAAAAGM/2UnmoeS-UE4/s1600/Mies%20Crown%20Hall.jpg

1958 Seagram Building New York Modern Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1958 Seagram Building New York Image From: http://conservapedia.com/images/a/a6/Seagram_Building.jpg

1973 Sears Tower (“Willis Tower”) Chicago The Word’s tallest building for 25 years Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower

Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Glass House,” 1949 Image From http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/pj/glasshouse1.jpg

IDS Center, Modern / Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson Minneapolis, 1968 Image From http://assets.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/IDS-center*304.jpg?v=1

Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984 POSTMODERN style references elements prior to the Modernist movement -- in contrast to the simplicity of Modern movement At it’s top, a pediment analogous to a grandfather clock or a tall 18th century chest-of drawers Image From http://www.achievement.org/achievers/joh0/large/joh0-050.jpg

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984 At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture St. Peters Basilica in Rome Image From http://www.constructionphotography.com/ImageThumbs/A084-00022/3/A084-00022_Sony_Plaza_tower_Manhattan_New_York_City.jpg

At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture Modern/ Postmodern Architect Phillip Johnson “Sony Tower,” 1984 At it’s base, reminiscent of Italian renaissance Architecture Vatican Museum in Rome Image From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sony_Building_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg

2010 World’s Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Image From: http://highrisefacilities.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Skyscraper-History-Chart.jpg

Image From: http://upload. wikimedia

2014 World’s Tallest Building Image From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg

2014 Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Artist’s rendition Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg

PLANNING Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/1.analysis/images/Shanghai_Tower_Analysis_2.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg Image From: http://images.autodesk.com/flashassets/thegallery/galleries/shanghai_tower/3.taper/images/Shanghai_Tower_Taper_1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Image From: http://www.gensleron.com/storage/post-images/WineyPost1Image1.jpg

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Image From: http://www.vmspace.com/uploads/magazine/512/r1.jpg

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9S7lx_0bBg

Double outer walls allows for internal open spaces Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Double outer walls allows for internal open spaces Image From: http://www.china-sbs.com/userfiles/26.jpg

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks Image From:http://www.anotherpartofme.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/shanghai_tower03.jpg

Image From: http://sites. psu Image From: http://sites.psu.edu/khalqubbaj/wp-content/uploads/sites/4598/2013/09/ShanghaiTower_8_v2.jp g

Huge glass curtain walls hung from upper decks Image From: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/Shanghai-tower-6.jpg

SUSTAINABILITY Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Glass façade reduces wind loads by 24%. This reduces construction materials; 25% less structural steel than a conventional design -- to save US$58 million Construction practices optimized Vertical-axis wind turbines located near top of tower generate up to 350,000 kWh of electricity per year Double-layered insulating glass façade reduces need for indoor air conditioning Heating &cooling use geothermal energy Rain water collection Source: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/12/shanghai-tower-bim.jpg

Image From:http://4. bp. blogspot

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Image From http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/shanghai/shanghai-tower-g070813-3.jpg :

Shanghai Tower VERTICAL CITY, China Not an all steel structure. It has a concrete core, and also structural steel. And not the tallest building, but doesn’t aspire to be – it’s something completely new ! Image From: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/twisting-tower-shanghai.jpg