Special Issues in Human Nutrition Vidul Vithlani & Shukdev Fatania

What you need to be able to do by the end of this section 1.) Distinguish between the composition of human milk and artificial milk used for feeding babies 2.) Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding 3.) Outline the symptoms and causes of type II diabetes 4.) Explain the dietary advice that should be given to a patient who has developed type II diabetes 5.) Discuss the ethical issues concerning eating animal products (eg. Honey, milk, meat eggs etc.) 6.) Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary cholesterol in lowering the risk of coronary heart disease. 7.) Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles

Human milk or Powdered milk?? There are differences in human breast milk and powdered infant formula There are differences in human breast milk and powdered infant formula Human breast milk has the following (these are not found in baby formula powder!) Human breast milk has the following (these are not found in baby formula powder!) Enzymes amylase and lipase Enzymes amylase and lipase White blood cells such as macrophages White blood cells such as macrophages Antibodies Antibodies Hormones Hormones

Lactose and Fats Human milk has 50% more lactose than cows milk Human milk has 50% more lactose than cows milk This is broken down into galactose and glucose to give the baby energy This is broken down into galactose and glucose to give the baby energy Human milk also has more cholesterol which helps to build cell membranes Human milk also has more cholesterol which helps to build cell membranes Rare Occurrence: Lactose Intolerant Babies! Rare Occurrence: Lactose Intolerant Babies! Some babies are naturally lactose intolerant (basically allergic to milk) Some babies are naturally lactose intolerant (basically allergic to milk) Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, rashes and abdominal pain Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, rashes and abdominal pain For these babies, a different type of baby formula is used, normally this baby formula is based on Soy Milk For these babies, a different type of baby formula is used, normally this baby formula is based on Soy Milk

Protein Human milk has less protein than cow milk Human milk has less protein than cow milk Simple reason: humans don’t need to grow as much as calves do in the first year Simple reason: humans don’t need to grow as much as calves do in the first year The amino acid Taurine: The amino acid Taurine: There’s more of this in human milk than cow milk There’s more of this in human milk than cow milk Taurine is linked to brain development, something humans do better than cows (.....in most cases) Taurine is linked to brain development, something humans do better than cows (.....in most cases)

Protein Continued Forms of Milk Protein Forms of Milk Protein Two types Two types Whey  Easy to digest and liquid Whey  Easy to digest and liquid Curd  harder to digest white solid. Made of protein called casein. Curd  harder to digest white solid. Made of protein called casein. (E.g. Tub of yogurt. The hard white yogurt is curd, the watery clear stuff is whey) (E.g. Tub of yogurt. The hard white yogurt is curd, the watery clear stuff is whey) Human milk has 65% whey (liquid stuff) and 35% casein (solid white part) Human milk has 65% whey (liquid stuff) and 35% casein (solid white part) Cow milk has 18% whey and 82% casein Cow milk has 18% whey and 82% casein

Iron There is more iron in baby formula than in human milk There is more iron in baby formula than in human milk Why? Why? Its easier to absorb iron from human milk Its easier to absorb iron from human milk SO the companies put more iron into the formula to compensate. SO the companies put more iron into the formula to compensate.

Is breastfeeding right for my baby Breast milk is good for babies, it’s healthy and nutritious Breast milk is good for babies, it’s healthy and nutritious BUT, sometimes doctors will advise mothers not to breast feed their kids if there is a good medical reason. BUT, sometimes doctors will advise mothers not to breast feed their kids if there is a good medical reason. Eg. If the mom cannot produce enough milk or if there is a chance that the mom will pass on a pathogen (disease) like HIV or tuberculosis Eg. If the mom cannot produce enough milk or if there is a chance that the mom will pass on a pathogen (disease) like HIV or tuberculosis

Pro Breastfeeding :D Human milk is naturally made to suit our growth and requirements as babies. It meets our specific dietary needs Human milk is naturally made to suit our growth and requirements as babies. It meets our specific dietary needs More whey and less casein makes it easier for us to digest the protein More whey and less casein makes it easier for us to digest the protein Human breast milk helps babies sleep Human breast milk helps babies sleep The nutrients are more easily absorbed, like vitamins and iron The nutrients are more easily absorbed, like vitamins and iron Less risk of allergies Less risk of allergies Better bond between the mother and the baby (not scientifically proven) Better bond between the mother and the baby (not scientifically proven) Breastfeeding helps the mom to her weight (producing milk takes energy) Breastfeeding helps the mom to her weight (producing milk takes energy) Less chance of getting sick. Human breast milk has more white blood cells Less chance of getting sick. Human breast milk has more white blood cells

Anti Breastfeeding D’: Can be painful (while feeding OR due to engorgement (breasts become really large from the milk)) Can be painful (while feeding OR due to engorgement (breasts become really large from the milk)) Nipples can develop bacterial infections Nipples can develop bacterial infections The milk could transmit viruses like HIV if the mother has suh diseases and infections The milk could transmit viruses like HIV if the mother has suh diseases and infections Not accepted in some cultures to feed in public Not accepted in some cultures to feed in public Harder to manage breastfeeding and working in a western society (feeding schedule) Harder to manage breastfeeding and working in a western society (feeding schedule) Dad feels left out Dad feels left out

Type II Diabetes Two types of diabetes Two types of diabetes Type I Type I Type II Type II Both mean the body cant break down sugar in the blood Both mean the body cant break down sugar in the blood The body doesn’t produce or doesn’t respond to the hormone insulin The body doesn’t produce or doesn’t respond to the hormone insulin Result: Result: The person has a higher blood sugar level The person has a higher blood sugar level This is called hyperglycaemia This is called hyperglycaemia

Type II Diabetes continued Other names: Other names: Adult-onset diabetes Adult-onset diabetes Diabetes mellitus type II Diabetes mellitus type II Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Symptoms Symptoms Being more thirsty than normal Being more thirsty than normal Urinating more than normal Urinating more than normal Fatigue Fatigue More infections More infections Result of develeping an insensitivity to insulin over many years Result of develeping an insensitivity to insulin over many years Found in obese people and people over the age of 40 Found in obese people and people over the age of 40

Type II diabetes continued Treated with exercise and a special diet. Not usually treated with insulin injections like with Type 1 Treated with exercise and a special diet. Not usually treated with insulin injections like with Type 1 Causes: Not just obesity and fitness, but also ethnicity Causes: Not just obesity and fitness, but also ethnicity Native Australians Native Australians Native Americans Native Americans Maoris Maoris Also can be due to family history Also can be due to family history Can lead to problems with high blood pressure, eye damage, kidney malfunction, nerve disease and chance of heart problems and stroke Can lead to problems with high blood pressure, eye damage, kidney malfunction, nerve disease and chance of heart problems and stroke

Dietary Recommendations for Type II Diabetes Take control of the glucose levels by having a wholesome, well-balanced diet Take control of the glucose levels by having a wholesome, well-balanced diet Decrease body mass and maintain a healthy BMI Decrease body mass and maintain a healthy BMI Eat foods rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates Eat foods rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates Less saturated fats Less saturated fats

Ethical Issues and Meat Consumption Meat is not an absolute necessity for Humans unless you live in a place like the artic where there is not much else to eat Meat is not an absolute necessity for Humans unless you live in a place like the artic where there is not much else to eat Vegetarians don’t eat the flesh of animals Vegetarians don’t eat the flesh of animals Some vegetarians don’t eat animal products (milk, honey eggs), these are called vegans Some vegetarians don’t eat animal products (milk, honey eggs), these are called vegans

Ethical Issues continued There are many reasons not to eat meat. The ethical reasons include There are many reasons not to eat meat. The ethical reasons include Killing sentient beings is wrong, especially if it isn't necessary for survival (sentient  having a nervous system, feels pain and pleasure) Killing sentient beings is wrong, especially if it isn't necessary for survival (sentient  having a nervous system, feels pain and pleasure) Raising animals for the sole purpose of slaughtering them is wrong Raising animals for the sole purpose of slaughtering them is wrong Intensive livestock production is a wasteful industry which misuses valuable resources such as water and land Intensive livestock production is a wasteful industry which misuses valuable resources such as water and land Mass-production is cruel to animals Mass-production is cruel to animals Fishing industry pollutes the oceans and disrupts ecosystems Fishing industry pollutes the oceans and disrupts ecosystems

Ethical Issues Continued Arguments against vegetarianism include: Arguments against vegetarianism include: Farm animals such as cows, sheep, pigs and chickens would not exists if not raised for food Farm animals such as cows, sheep, pigs and chickens would not exists if not raised for food Without meat production and fishing, thousands of jobs would be lost Without meat production and fishing, thousands of jobs would be lost Meat and fish can be grown in decent conditions as in free-range, free-from-cruelty and organic practices Meat and fish can be grown in decent conditions as in free-range, free-from-cruelty and organic practices Certain nutrients are not available in vegetarian diets Certain nutrients are not available in vegetarian diets

The benefits of reducing cholesterol Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, type of lipid called a steroid Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, type of lipid called a steroid In moderate amounts, great for maintaining stability of the cell membranes In moderate amounts, great for maintaining stability of the cell membranes Too much though = heart disease and high blood pressure Too much though = heart disease and high blood pressure The lipids can pile up in the artery limiting the blood flow and this increases the blood pressure. Then if a clot forms (stops blood going back to the heart) then a heart attack could happen The lipids can pile up in the artery limiting the blood flow and this increases the blood pressure. Then if a clot forms (stops blood going back to the heart) then a heart attack could happen By reducing the amount of cholesterol you consume through your diet, you can reduce the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure By reducing the amount of cholesterol you consume through your diet, you can reduce the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure

Food Miles “Food miles” is used to describe the distance from where the food was produced to where it was consumed. E.g. An apple picked at ACS Hillingdon is then shipped of to the States to be sold at Walmart “Food miles” is used to describe the distance from where the food was produced to where it was consumed. E.g. An apple picked at ACS Hillingdon is then shipped of to the States to be sold at Walmart Foods which have traveled long distances have been transported by either boat or train or truck or car. The longer they travel, the more fossil fuels are burned in order to transport them and so more pollution is released in order to transport that food Foods which have traveled long distances have been transported by either boat or train or truck or car. The longer they travel, the more fossil fuels are burned in order to transport them and so more pollution is released in order to transport that food This is an ethical issue This is an ethical issue To eat or not to eat something that has used so many resources? To eat or not to eat something that has used so many resources?

Questions???

And.....QUIZ TIME!

1.) All babies can drink breast milk All babies can drink breast milk True or False?

2.) All mothers should breast feed their babies All mothers should breast feed their babies True or False?

3.) What enzymes do breast milk contain? What enzymes do breast milk contain? A.) Lipase and Amylase A.) Lipase and Amylase B.) Endophase and glycogen B.) Endophase and glycogen C.) Homeostasis and Protease C.) Homeostasis and Protease D.) Triglycerol and Axenol D.) Triglycerol and Axenol

4.) Human Milk has less protein than cow milk Human Milk has less protein than cow milk True or false?

5.) Babies fed with breast milk are less likely to have more infections than babies fed with infant formula in the first year of life Babies fed with breast milk are less likely to have more infections than babies fed with infant formula in the first year of life True or false?

6.) State 2 reasons why a doctor may suggest infant formula to nourish a baby rather than breast milk State 2 reasons why a doctor may suggest infant formula to nourish a baby rather than breast milk

7.) Why is breast milk more easily digested by babies than baby formula? Why is breast milk more easily digested by babies than baby formula?

8.) What are the 2 forms of protein found in milk? What are the 2 forms of protein found in milk?

9.) Why does baby formula have more iron content than human milk? Why does baby formula have more iron content than human milk?

10.) State 2 reasons for breast feeding State 2 reasons for breast feeding

11.) Give 2 reasons against breast feeding Give 2 reasons against breast feeding

12.) Describe what diabetes is in simple terms? what happens when you have diabetes. Describe what diabetes is in simple terms? what happens when you have diabetes.

13.) Diabetes can be fatal Diabetes can be fatal True or false? Explain.

14.) Eating meat is not necessary for survival Eating meat is not necessary for survival True or false? Explain.

15.) Suggest 2 reasons against eating meat Suggest 2 reasons against eating meat

16.) Suggest 2 reasons for eating meat Suggest 2 reasons for eating meat

17.) Is cholesterol bad? Is cholesterol bad? Why? Why?