Motivation and Emotion What Is Motivation? Hunger Sexual Motives Social Motives The What and Why of Emotions The Expression of Emotion Experiencing Emotion

What is Motivation? All of the processes that initiate, direct and sustain behavior. Activation Persistence Intensity Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation What are motives?

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson law Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Reduction Theory Stage of Physiological Equilibrium Biological Need Hunger, thirst, sleep, oxygen, elimination of waste Drive Internal state of arousal Goal-Directed Behavior Action taken to satisfy need Equilibrium is disturbed Equilibrium is restored Satisfaction of Need Food is eaten, thirst is quenched Drive is reduced Motivates organism to engage in goal-directed behavior Gives rise to drive

Yerkes-Dodson law

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physical needs Safety and Security Love Self- esteem Self- actualization Challenging projects, innovation and creativity, learning at a higher level Recognition of strength, prestige, intelligence, status Acceptance, membership, love, affection Physical and economic safety and security, peace Water, food, sleep, air, clothing, exercise, sex

The Hunger Drive Primary Drive Internal cues  lateral hypothalamus (LH)  ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)  glucose  set point  metabolic rate External cues

Glucose, hormones, and hunger Long time since last meal Other influences, e.g., seeing food Declining levels of glucose and other nutrients in blood Hunger Pancreas secrete more glucagon Glycogen and other stored nutrients are converted to glucose, raising blood nutrient level Just finished meal Other influences, e.g., stomach distension Increasing levels of glucose and other nutrients in blood Satiety Pancreas secrete more glucagon Excess glucose and other nutrients in blood are converted to fats and other substances and stored in body cells. Surge in blood nutrients is dampened. Energy stores are developed for future needs.

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Overeating Compulsive Dieting Thirst Extracellular Thirst Intracellular Thirst

The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm

Sexual Orientation Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Asexual heteroeroticism homoeroticism lowhigh lowhigh

Sexual Orientation Exclusively heterosexual behavior 0 Largely heterosexual, but incidental homosexual behavior 1 Largely heterosexual, but more than incidental homosexual behavior 2 Equal amounts of heterosexual and homosexual behavior 3 Largely homosexual, but more than incidental heterosexual behavior 4 Largely homosexual, but incidental heterosexual behavior 5 Exclusively homosexual behavior 6 Heterosexual Homosexual

Other Motives… Social motives Competence Achievement Recognition Power Authority

Components of Emotions Physical Component (feeling) Cognitive Component (thinking) Behavioral Component (doing)

Theories of Emotions James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Schachter-Singer theory Lazarus theory

Facial-feedback hypothesis Range of emotions Facial expressions Display rules Facial feedback Gender differences

Sternberg’s Theory Non-love Romantic love Liking Fatuous love Infatuation Compassionate love Empty love Consummate love PassionCommitmentIntimacy