International Relations What makes two countries have a GOOD relationship? A bad relationship? What happened to U.S. relations with other WWII countries? –Are there any that were enemies but became allies (or at least NOT enemies)? –Are there any that were allies but became enemies?

Cooperation 1.Nuremburg Trials –U.S. & Soviets worked together to put Germans on trial 2.UN – Security Council –Both served as leading members

Broken Promises All those areas you took over during the war – you know, like Poland and Estonia and Czechoslovakia – you can keep those as long as you promise not to force them to be communist; you have to let them have their own governments. We TOTALLY will do that!

Broken Promises Of course! We’re allies, aren’t we? So, if – hypothetically – you were planning on making a big nuclear weapon, you’d tell us, right? And you’re still good to help us get our reparation money from Germany?

Two Different Worlds U.S. –democracy –Leader: Truman –Wanted to spread democracy & contain communism –Distrust of Stalin –View of communism Soviet Union –Communism –Leader: Stalin –Wanted to spread communism & stop invasions from the west –Resentment of U.S. actions in war –Lack of reparations ($)

The Cold War [ ]: Soviet Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism METHODS OF COMPETITION 1.Espionage (spying) [KGB vs. CIA] 2.Arms Race (building up weapons, esp. nuclear) 3.Competing to spread their style of government to other nations in the world 4.Splitting up of Europe into East & West

The Bipolarization of Europe

RECAP! U.S. had a democratic government. This includes people voting for their leaders who make decisions for the country. The U.S. also had a capitalist economy in which consumers and business leaders can behave as they please within the limits of the law. A main goal of the U.S. and other NATO countries was to contain communism, or keep it from spreading. They felt it was dangerous and had too much control over people’s lives.

The Soviet Union (aka USSR) had a communist government. This includes having one party in power. The party, not the people, chose the leader. He stays in power as long as the party wants him to. The government controls business and other areas of life. The USSR had a goal of spreading communism all around the world. They were afraid the U.S. and other NATO countries would interfere with that and try to overthrow communist governments.

How did they compete? The U.S. and U.S.S.R. never attacked each other directly To compete with each other, they: –Spied –Built up their weapons (esp. nuclear) –Tried to “win” other countries for their side “Proxy wars”

Proxy Wars China: Civil War Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) vs. Mao Zedong (Communists) US sent money to the Nationalists but no troops Communists won in 1949 and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan “People’s Republic of China” = new Communist government in China

Proxy Wars Korea was divided after WWII –North was controlled by the Soviet Union –South was controlled by the U.S. June 25, 1950 – North Korea invaded South Korea June 27 – United Nations and U.S. join the war to help South Korea An armistice (cease-fire) was signed in 1953 –North & South Korea divided at the 38 th parallel –No peace treaty was ever signed!

The Shifting Map of Korea [ ]

Cold War Culture Many Americans were worried (even paranoid) about Communist spies –Feared that they would overthrow the government or leak secrets to the Soviets –National security programs boosted (CIA, NSA) Senator Joseph McCarthy –Famous for accusing people in the government – even the army – of being communists –This type of fear and wild accusation came to be known as McCarthyism

Sometimes the accusations were true –Rosenbergs: couple convicted of giving secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviets –Alger Hiss: government official convicted of perjury (lying under oath in court) and later found to be passing government secrets

Constant fear of nuclear war –Both countries were stockpiling weapons Atomic bombs Hydrogen bombs –After coming very close to attack several times (remember the Cuban Missile Crisis!), Americans lived in constant fear of nuclear war Built bomb shelters Had safety drills at school

Competition Who can have the most weapons? Who can make the most technological advancements? –Held exhibitions to show off their everyday inventions/technology –Built up their space programs: SPACE RACE 1957: Soviets launched the first man-made satellite – Sputnik 1958: U.S. created NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Cold War: The Later Years U.S. helped rebel groups overthrow communist or Soviet-backed governments in: –Nicaragua, –Afghanistan,

USSR declines, –1985: Mikhail Gorbachev takes over –Opens the Soviet Union to more freedom & less government control 1987: U.S. & U.S.S.R. sign the INF Treaty –Bans certain types of weapons, allows inspections 1989: Berlin Wall comes down 1990: Germany reunited

1991: Soviet Union dissolves –Many countries declare freedom from U.S.S.R. –Gorbachev resigns 1992: END! –U.S. Pres. Bush & new Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign a formal statement ending the Cold War