1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood Lecture Outline Part 1

2 Cardiovascular System: Blood

3 Points to ponder What type of tissue is blood and what are its components? What is found in plasma? Name the 3 formed elements in blood and their functions. How does the structure of red blood cells relate to their function? Describe the structure and function of each white blood cell. What are disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? What do you need to know before donating blood? What are antigens and antibodies? How are ABO blood types determined? What blood types are compatible for blood transfusions? What is the Rh factor and how is this important to pregnancy? How does the cardiovascular system interact with other systems to maintain homeostasis?

4 What are the functions of blood? ____________: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and hormones _________: against invasion by pathogens _________ functions: body temperature, water- salt balance, and body pH 6.1 Blood: An Overview

5 What is the composition of blood? Remember: blood is a ____________________. _________________ are produced in red bone marrow. –Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBCs) –White blood cells/leukocytes (WBCs) –Platelets/thrombocytes 6.1 Blood: An Overview

6 What is the composition of blood? Plasma –It consists of 91% ______ and 9% _____ (ions) and organic molecules. –_____________ are the most abundant organic molecules. 6.1 Blood: An Overview

7 3 major types of plasma proteins __________ – most abundant and important for plasma’s osmotic pressure as well as transport __________ – also important in transport __________ – important for the formation of blood clots 6.1 Blood: An Overview

8 Where do the formed elements come from and what are they? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. stem cells megakaryoblastsmyeloblastsmonoblastslymphoblastserythroblasts stem cells for the white blood cells Lymphocyte active in specific immunity Monocyte becomes large phagocyte Neutrophil (contains granules) phagocytizes pathogens Eosinophil (contains granules) active in allergies and worm infections Basophil (contains granules) releases histamine Platelets (thrombocytes) aid blood clotting Red Blood Cell (erythrocyte) transports O 2 and helps transport CO 2 (top): © Getty RF Figure 6.1 How cells in the blood are formed. 6.1 Blood: An Overview

9 The structure of red blood cells is important to their function They lack a nucleus and have few organelles. Their ___________ shape increases surface area. Each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules that bind 3 molecules of O 2 each. 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen

10 The structure of red blood cells is important to their function 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen Figure 6.3 Red blood cells and the structure of hemoglobin. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4,175x400xa. Red blood cellsb. Hemoglobin molecule helical shape of the polypeptide molecule c. Blood capillary capillary ironheme group a: © Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; c: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images

11 How is carbon dioxide transported? 68% as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma (this conversion takes place in RBCs) 25% bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells 7% as carbon dioxide in the plasma ++HCO 3 – bicarbonate ion H + hydrogen ion H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid H 2 O water CO 2 carbon dioxide 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen

12 Production of red blood cells They are produced in the ________________. They have a lifespan of about ____ days. _________________ (EPO) is secreted by kidney cells and moves to red marrow when oxygen levels are low. Old cells are destroyed by the liver and spleen. 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen

13 Production of red blood cells Figure 6.4 Response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood oxygen concentration. 6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4. O 2 blood level returns to normal. Normal O 2 blood level 3. Stem cells increase red blood cell production. 2. Kidney increases production of erythropoietin. 1. Low O 2 blood level