Student Diversity Chapter 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Immigration Act of 1965 Diverse U.S. student population the result of: Globalization Immigration Act of 1965 Emigration from Europe dramatically declined Emigration from Asia and Americas dramatically increased U.S. schools are forced to respond to the influx of non-European cultures ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Mexican American Students Experienced many years of segregation before winning a series of important court cases: Mendez et al. v. Westminster School Dist. of Orange County (1946) - A U.S. District Court ruled segregation illegal because it was neither required by state law nor educationally justified Delgado v. Bastrop Indep. School Dist. (1948) – segregation of Mexican American children is illegal and discriminatory Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Indep. School Dist. (1970) – Brown could apply to Mexican Americans who were an identifiable dominated group ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Mexican American Students in U. S Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Mexican American Students in U.S. Schools: 1790: Naturalization Act 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe 1855: California requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1870: Texas requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1897: Texas courts declare Mexican Americans “not white” 1918: Texas makes it a criminal offense to use any language but English in school instruction 1790: Naturalization Act 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe 1855: California requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1870: Texas requires all school instruction to be conducted in English 1897: Texas courts declare Mexican Americans “not white” 1918: Texas makes it a criminal offense to use any language but English in school instruction  1929: League of United Latin Citizens supports bilingual instruction 1930: Texas courts uphold right to segregate Mexican Americans for educational purposes 1935: California law allows school segregation of Mexican Americans as Indians 1952: Racial restrictions rescinded from 1790 Naturalization Law 1968: Bilingual Education Act ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Asian American Students Asian Americans struggled with various stereotypes: coolie; deviant; yellow peril; model minority; g--k. Because of model minority stereotype, Asian American students with educational difficulties are often ignored. ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Asian American Students in U. S Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Asian American Students in U.S. Schools: 1790: Naturalization Act 1855: U.S. Supreme Court rules that Chinese are “not white” 1872: California school code provides no public education for Asian Americans 1882: Chinese Exclusion Law 1885: Tape decision 1885: California creates segregated schools for Chinese 1906: San Francisco School Board creates segregated schools for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Students 1922: U.S. Supreme Court rules Takao Ogawa “not white” 1924: Mississippi courts segregate Chinese students from white students 1941-1945: Internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps 1943: Congress rescinds Chinese Exclusion Act 1952: McCarran-Walter Act 1965: Immigration Act 1974: Lau v. Nichols ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Native American Students Early Native American education focused on “civilizing” Native Americans and attempted to destroy tribal languages and cultures Boarding schools set up to remove Indian children from family and tribe Native Americans demand self-determination over education Rough Rock Demonstration School Indian Education Act 1972 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Six Major Goals of President Bill Clinton’s 1998 Executive Order for American Indian and Alaska Native Education: Improve reading and mathematics; Increase high school completion and postsecondary attendance rates; Reduce poverty and substance abuse; Create strong, safe, and drug-free school environments; Improve science education; Expand educational technology. ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Native American Students in U. S Timeline of Key Decisions Affecting Native American Students in U.S. Schools: 1790: Naturalization Act 1819: Civilization Act 1821: Sequoyah completes Cherokee alphabet 1823: Cherokee Phoenix: First Native American newspaper 1830: Beginning of Trail of Tears—Indian Removal Act 1867: Indian Peace Commission 1879: Founding of Carlisle Boarding School 1924: Miriam report criticizing boarding school system 1924: Native Americans granted U.S. citizenship 1969: Report: “Indian Education a National Tragedy” 1972: Indian Education Act 1974: Indian students granted freedom of religion and culture 1978: Congress grants Native Americans religious freedom 1990: Native American Languages Act ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Language Diversity in U.S. Schools Between 1979 and 2008, the number of school age children who spoke a language other than English at home increased from 8.5 to 20.5 percent. Are U.S. teachers prepared for language diversity? Problems finding teachers with the proper training Potential clash between predominantly white teaching staff and student body with high percentage of cultural diversity ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Questions in Student Diversity Should public schools consciously attempt to eradicate the language of non-English-speaking students in a manner similar to that used with Mexican American and Native American students? Should public schools attempts to preserve the home language of non-English-speaking students? Should public schools consciously attempt to change or Americanize the culture of immigrant students? Should public schools preserve the cultures of immigrant, Native American, and Mexican American students? ©2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.