Topic: Characteristics, Behavior, and Experiences, and Distances of Forced Migrants Aim: In what ways does migration change the cultural and physical landscape?

Types of Migration:

Reasons for Migrating: Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country. United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants. 1.A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2.An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. 3.An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Palestinian girl in a protest on Nakba Day 2010 in Hebron, West Bank. Her sign says "Surely we will return, Palestine." Most of the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank are descendants of people whose families hail from areas that were incorporated into Israel in 1948

Arabs leaving Haifa as Jewish forces enter the city

An old Sikh man carrying his wife. Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and traveled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new home. A crowd of Muslims at the Old Fort (Purana Qila) in Delhi, which had been converted into a vast camp for Muslim refugees waiting to be transported to Pakistan. Manchester Guardian, 27 September 1947.

"With the tragic legacy of an uncertain future, a young refugee sits on the walls of Purana Qila, transformed into a vast refugee camp in Delhi." Margaret Bourke-White, 1947.

An Example of Forced Migration-The Trail of Tears: Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced Eastern Native American tribes to move from their Eastern Homelands to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi (currently Oklahoma). The Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek and Seminole tribes vacated lands that had been protected by treaties.

From 12 to 30 million Africans were forced from their homelands in the 18 th century. It took generations to restore the population balance.

Refugee Discussion: 1.What is a refugee? 2.What kind of regional issues cause people to become refugees? 3.Describe the kinds of regional problems that large numbers of refugees can create. 4.Thinking of globalization and MDC’s - in what ways do refugees become a global concern? 5.Should governments of bordering countries take in refugees? Why or why not? 6.How does being a refugee impact a person’s sense of place?

The Refugee Problem: UN definition-person who migrates out of fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social status or political opinion. Difficult to get an accurate count-governments manipulate the numbers. Internal (intranational) refugees a bigger issue than external (international). Rwanda refugees-1994-over 1 million Rwandans fled into Zaire (Dem. Rep. of Congo), Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi to escape the massacre and famine.

What are some common experiences that all refugees share?

Characteristics of Refugees: Move with only what they can carry or easily transport. Most move first on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat-very low tech. transport. Most have no official documentation such as passports, identification or other official papers. Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004

World Refugee Population, 2002 Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

World Refugee Patterns, 2007

Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees

The Sudan: Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

Regions of Dislocation-Africa: Endemic African Problems: Weak and corrupt governments. Lack of national cohesion. Lack of a democratic tradition Historic ethnic conflicts Excessive number of weapons left over from the Cold War. Sub-Saharan Africa-over 8 million official international refugees-the largest # in the world. Collapse of order in Somalia Civil Wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone Sudan’s civil war Rwanda massacres and economic disaster.

Refugees from Uganda’s civil war that began in the 1980s Death toll 100,000 with 1 ½ million refugees

Regions of Dislocation: Asia South West & Central Asia: Kurds in Iraq, Turkey and Syria displaced during Gulf Wars. Palestinians displaced by several wars with Israel. Afghanistan-many refugees during the long Soviet occupation, Taliban regime and war. South and South East Asia: Civil War in Sri Lanka- Tamils versus Sinahlese Vietnam and Cambodia after the Vietnam War Myanmar (Burma) military rule has driven many to exile.

Flight and Expulsion Refugee Interactive Map:

“God Grew Tired of Us” – Discussion 1.Who are the “Lost Boys of Sudan”? 2.What kind of push factors impacted their migration outward from Sudan? 3.Describe the conditions inside the refugee camp 4.Even though we have not viewed the entire film yet, speculate as to what you think the experience of the Lost Boys will be when they migrate to the United States (How will they feel, what challenges will they face, etc.)?

Topic: Characteristics and Distance of Voluntary Migrants Aim: What impact does voluntary migration have on the cultural and physical landscape? Do Now: Have you ever moved from one home to another by choice?

Reasons for Migrating: Most people migrate for economic reasons. –Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs –Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants. –Historically individuals migrated from Europe. –More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—1913) British sociologist LAWS OF MIGRATION: 1. Most migrants go only a short distance. 2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating to a city. 3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. Most migration is rural to urban. 5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow. 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. Most international migrants are young males. (* Less valid today than when first proposed. In reality, women and girls now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants worldwide.

Distance Decay: the farther away a place is located, the less likely people will migrate there weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate. Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.

Types of Voluntary Migration: Circular migration –A type of temporary migration. –Associated with agricultural work. –The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time. –Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers). Fall / Winter Spring Summer

Migration & the Demographic Transition: Wilbur Zelinsky identified a migration transition which shows relationship between migration and the demographic transition International migration a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition, whereas internal migration more important in stages 3 & 4

Characteristics of Migrants: Most long-distance migrants are male and adult individuals rather than families Until the 1990’s, most long distance migrants were male, now females comprise 55% of U.S. immigrants. Reflects changing roles of women.

Family Status of Recent Migrants: 16% are children under 15 – due to increase of female migrants bringing their children Have attended less school and less likely to have high school diplomas Mexican migration matches the migration transition and distance-decay theories, due to Mexico being in stage 2 of Demographic Transition

Guest Workers: Migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country - France-many from Algeria - Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern Europe

Summary- 60 Minutes: Child Labor in Agriculture (12 minutes) m/watch?v=SKFQUXS HvvYhttp:// m/watch?v=SKFQUXS HvvY

Video Discussion : 1.What was the main point of the video? 2.What types of voluntary migration were displayed? 3.What were the pull factors for migrants in the video? 4.What were the differing viewpoints about the role of child labor? 5.In what ways do you either agree or disagree with migrant child labor being used in the U.S.?