Name countries that end in -Stan. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan Why are there so many of them and what do they have in common? Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan Why are there so many of them and what do they have in common?

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Outlasting Invaders Since 330 BCE

A History of Invasion Darius I & the Persian Empire conquered it in approximately 500 BCE

A History of Invasion Alexander the Great & Macedonians (Greek Empire) conquered it in 329 BCE

A History of Invasion The Muslim dynasty of the Ghaznavid Empire incorporated present day Afghanistan into its massive empire in 11th Century. Led by Mahmud of Ghazni. Mahmud of Ghazni considered the greatest conqueror of Afghanistan

A History of Invasion The Mongol Empire under the command of Genghis Khan took control in the 13th Century

A History of Invasion Afghanistan was not independent until Ahmad Shah Durrani regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan

Who were these constantly embattled people?

The Afghan People All of this invasion led to an ethnically diverse population of approx. 29 million. 80% live rurally. Vast majority are Muslim. Pashtuns are majority ethnic group (approx. 38%) Other minority ethnic groups: Tajiks (25%) Hazaras (19%) Uzbeks (6%) All of this invasion led to an ethnically diverse population of approx. 29 million. 80% live rurally. Vast majority are Muslim. Pashtuns are majority ethnic group (approx. 38%) Other minority ethnic groups: Tajiks (25%) Hazaras (19%) Uzbeks (6%)

Most Afghans speak 2-3 languages

Anglo-Afghan Wars Both Russia & Great Britain hoped to control Afghanistan Three Conflicts result ( ; ; 1919) Both Russia & Great Britain hoped to control Afghanistan Three Conflicts result ( ; ; 1919) Bear represents? Lion represents?

The First Afghan War Great Britain tried to extend colonial India into Afghanistan (and stop Russia from encroaching) by crowning a Shah Shoja (a puppet monarch) and sending in an occupying force of 16,000 Indian/British troops Afghan rebellions ultimately forced British to withdraw and Afghans reinstated their own leader. Great Britain tried to extend colonial India into Afghanistan (and stop Russia from encroaching) by crowning a Shah Shoja (a puppet monarch) and sending in an occupying force of 16,000 Indian/British troops Afghan rebellions ultimately forced British to withdraw and Afghans reinstated their own leader.

Shah Shoja holding court in Kabul before he was forced to flee the country.

Second Afghan War Fearful of growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, Britain again invaded on November 21, 1878 Shir Ali Khan, Afghan’s leader fled the capital & died in exile in British again occupied Kabul and recognized Shir Ali’s son, Ya’qub Khan as their new leader if he would accept a permanent British embassy & take their advice on foreign affairs. Fearful of growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, Britain again invaded on November 21, 1878 Shir Ali Khan, Afghan’s leader fled the capital & died in exile in British again occupied Kabul and recognized Shir Ali’s son, Ya’qub Khan as their new leader if he would accept a permanent British embassy & take their advice on foreign affairs.

Ya’qub Khan, Puppet Monarch

Second Afghan War Peace didn’t last long, when a British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari & his escort were murdered on September 3, 1879 Ya’qub was thought to have had a hand in the assassination, and therefore abdicated the throne Britain lost their puppet monarch when the “Iron Amir” came to power, Abdur Rahman Khan Peace didn’t last long, when a British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari & his escort were murdered on September 3, 1879 Ya’qub was thought to have had a hand in the assassination, and therefore abdicated the throne Britain lost their puppet monarch when the “Iron Amir” came to power, Abdur Rahman Khan

Anglo-Afghan Wars Afghanistan remained uninvolved in WWI because of a strong leader, Habibullah Khan. Assassinated in 1919 and his son, Amunullah Khan took the throne. Amunallah declared total independence from Great Britain in his inaugural address there by kicking off... Afghanistan remained uninvolved in WWI because of a strong leader, Habibullah Khan. Assassinated in 1919 and his son, Amunullah Khan took the throne. Amunallah declared total independence from Great Britain in his inaugural address there by kicking off... Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan

Third Afghan War Month long war, of only small skirmishes between archaic Afghan army and a British army exhausted from World War I Ends with a peace treaty giving Afghanistan its independence in Also signed treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik gov’t in Russia, becoming one of the first states to recognize the new Soviet regime. Month long war, of only small skirmishes between archaic Afghan army and a British army exhausted from World War I Ends with a peace treaty giving Afghanistan its independence in Also signed treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik gov’t in Russia, becoming one of the first states to recognize the new Soviet regime.

Free at last? Maybe not!

The Soviet Invasion Mujahideen—Muslim anti-communists collectively known as (Arabic from “those who engage in jihad”) Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist minority group take control of the government from the mujahedeen in 1979 with 30,000 troops Soviets tried to ruthlessly put down opposition. Mujahideen—Muslim anti-communists collectively known as (Arabic from “those who engage in jihad”) Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist minority group take control of the government from the mujahedeen in 1979 with 30,000 troops Soviets tried to ruthlessly put down opposition. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan December 1979

The Soviet Stalemate Soviets use 100,000 troops to control cities and larger towns BUT Mujahideen controlled the countryside (especially the mountains) using guerrilla warfare Irregular warfare using military tactics including ambushes, sabotages, raids, and hit and run tactics Soviets used air support to bomb villages 4.3 million Afghans flee the country U.S. supplies shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen Muslims come from all over the world to aid Afghans Afghans fight war of attrition and outlasted the Soviets. Soviets lost 15,000 men (even more injured) and withdrew completely on Feb. 15, Soviets use 100,000 troops to control cities and larger towns BUT Mujahideen controlled the countryside (especially the mountains) using guerrilla warfare Irregular warfare using military tactics including ambushes, sabotages, raids, and hit and run tactics Soviets used air support to bomb villages 4.3 million Afghans flee the country U.S. supplies shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen Muslims come from all over the world to aid Afghans Afghans fight war of attrition and outlasted the Soviets. Soviets lost 15,000 men (even more injured) and withdrew completely on Feb. 15, 1989.

Soviet Withdraw, May 1988

ReviewReview Why would we say that the history of Afghanistan has been a “history of invasion”? What two European nations vied for power in Afghanistan throughout the 19 th and 20 th centuries? What was the Mujahideen? What is jihad? Why would we say that the history of Afghanistan has been a “history of invasion”? What two European nations vied for power in Afghanistan throughout the 19 th and 20 th centuries? What was the Mujahideen? What is jihad?

ReviewReview What country provided the Mujahideen with weapons to fight the Soviets? What happened after the Soviets left Afghanistan? Who came to power after the civil war that raged from ? What country provided the Mujahideen with weapons to fight the Soviets? What happened after the Soviets left Afghanistan? Who came to power after the civil war that raged from ?

Afghanistan After the Soviets Bloody civil war for control of the country breaks out 1996—Taliban takes control of Kabul Taliban - Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan Institutes Sharia Law Severely limiting women’s rights Introduced strict punishment for all (stoning, amputations, etc...) Outlawing the profitable agricultural drug business (poppies) Crushing secular educational system See list of laws Bloody civil war for control of the country breaks out 1996—Taliban takes control of Kabul Taliban - Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan Institutes Sharia Law Severely limiting women’s rights Introduced strict punishment for all (stoning, amputations, etc...) Outlawing the profitable agricultural drug business (poppies) Crushing secular educational system See list of laws

Osama bin Laden Biography

Afghanistan After the Soviets 1998—U.S. launches missile strikes against militant Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan He was accused of bombing our embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya) bin Laden’s terrorist organization Al Qaeda claimed responsibility 190 dead (11 Americans) and 4,000 wounded 1999—Impost sanctions and embargo on Afghanistan until they give up Osama bin Laden 1998—U.S. launches missile strikes against militant Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan He was accused of bombing our embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya) bin Laden’s terrorist organization Al Qaeda claimed responsibility 190 dead (11 Americans) and 4,000 wounded 1999—Impost sanctions and embargo on Afghanistan until they give up Osama bin Laden

US Embassy; Nairobi, Kenya

America Invades Afghanistan September 11, 2001—U.S. attacked by Muslim terrorists under orders from Osama bin Laden October 2001—U.S. leads bombing of Afghanistan & invades Kabul December 2001—New power- sharing government is created and led by Hamid Karzai Violence and insurgencies still continue in Afghanistan even as U.S. and allied troops withdraw... September 11, 2001—U.S. attacked by Muslim terrorists under orders from Osama bin Laden October 2001—U.S. leads bombing of Afghanistan & invades Kabul December 2001—New power- sharing government is created and led by Hamid Karzai Violence and insurgencies still continue in Afghanistan even as U.S. and allied troops withdraw...

The Afghan People How has the history of Afghanistan impacted the culture and mindset of its people?

Homework for Next Class: Read the article, “Marriage or Else”

Final Assessment: The Middle East In lieu of an exam on this section of Asia, you will respond to two essay prompts. You may use your notes to guide you, but no other outside sources. You may type or hand write your essays. Essays are to be completed in class. Final drafts are due at the end of the period tomorrow! In lieu of an exam on this section of Asia, you will respond to two essay prompts. You may use your notes to guide you, but no other outside sources. You may type or hand write your essays. Essays are to be completed in class. Final drafts are due at the end of the period tomorrow!

Final Assessment: The Middle East Remember: Each essay must include an introduction and conclusion You must back up your opinions with concrete, supporting details You must write formally, and please PROOFREAD! Write as if your audience knows nothing about the topic you are addressing! Remember: Each essay must include an introduction and conclusion You must back up your opinions with concrete, supporting details You must write formally, and please PROOFREAD! Write as if your audience knows nothing about the topic you are addressing!