To rest and repair (physically and mentally) To consolidate memories and skills Necessary for brain development To twitch?? The young twitch more Protective

Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks. Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation. Circadian rhythms One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle). Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm. Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.

Environmental cues When darkness falls, the eyes indirectly inform the pineal gland pineal gland (responsible for the body’s natural cycles and registering light and darkness). pineal gland hormone melatonin The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin drows in response to darkness, making us drowsy. This affects the brain cells which produce Serotonin, a affects the brain cells which produce Serotonin, a sleep-related transmitter substance sleep-related transmitter substance. The serotonin is concentrated in the Raphe Nuclei (near the pons), which secrete a substance that acts to induce light sleep.

Electroencephalograph (EEG) Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness Alpha Alpha Waves : Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

5 identified stages of sleep There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about minutes to pass through the 5 stages. The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four sages and know as NREM sleep.. The first four sages and know as NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

Stage 1: Stage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur Stage 2: Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain- wave activity of half second or longer) Stage 3: Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls. Stage 4: Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) – less blood flow to the brain

REM: REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2

Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs. Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light. REM Behavioral Disorder.

We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics. But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average. How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?

Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties. Manifest versus latent content Biological: Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep. Cognitive: Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Repair/Restoration Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue Survival Value Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators Necessary for brain development To twitch?? The young twitch more

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. (what the man thinks it is) Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)

Activation-synthesis hypothesis: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleep Problem Solving Dreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solution Threat simulation Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

“Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.” - Freud, on the meaning of dreams  A.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties  Manifest Content: symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream  Latent Content: true unconscious meaning of a dream Wish Fulfillment – Freud’s DreamTheory…

Conscious Subconscious Unconscious

Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day. REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

Activation-Synthesis Theory: during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

REM Sleep: Consolidation of new memories Role in learning Absent in lower mammals Non-REM sleep People deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.

Reduced immunity Mood alteration Reduced concentration and motivation Increased irritability Lapses in attention Reduced motor skills

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4 Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep Night Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur Sleep Apnea: Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives. Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer. One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.

Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep. It is common problem that most people experience at least occasionally.

Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing Narcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd times Sleep attack: urge to sleep during the day Cataplexy: REM paralysis occurs, person is still conscious

It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a minute to more than half an hour.

Hypnosis Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted Age regression Past-life regression

Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility. The hypnotic state is characterized by: Narrow and focused attention Imagination Passive receptive attitude Reduced reaction to pain Heightened suggestibility

People can be hypnotized against their will. People will do immoral things while hypnotized. Hypnosis improves memory recall. Hypnotized persons have special strength. Hypnosis is fake.

Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness. can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria

Can substitute for impulsive behavior. They can nourish our social development. They can help us prepare for future events.

Agonists: Agonists: Mimic Reuptake inhibitors Antagonist s Antagonist s: Blocks Reuptake inhibitors

Psychological Dependence: develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects. Psychological Dependence: develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects. Tolerance: decreasing response to a drug Tolerance: decreasing response to a drug Physiological dependence or addiction develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Physiological dependence or addiction develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal: stop taking the drug the body reacts with intense craving for the drug. Withdrawal: stop taking the drug the body reacts with intense craving for the drug.

Psychoactive Drug: Psychoactive Drug: are chemicals that can pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood. They are classified into their main effects: They are classified into their main effects: Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions Narcotics: or analgesics (pain reducers) which work by depressing the CNS. Opiates, codeine, heroin, opium, methadone. Narcotics: or analgesics (pain reducers) which work by depressing the CNS. Opiates, codeine, heroin, opium, methadone.

Psychoactive Drug: of altering behavior Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering behavior Examples include tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine, and heroine

Speed up body processes. More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility. The most popular stimulants are cocaine, amphetamines such as methamphetamine, Ritalin, ephedrine, ecstasy, crack.

Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeine Withdrawal: Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Stimulants

Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors Highly Addictive Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women

Slows down body processes. Alcohol Anxiolytics (barbiturates and tranquilizers)

More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages. 60% Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes. Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Is it worth the cost?

60% Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.

Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities. Agonist for endorphins. Derived from poppy plant.

Alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Include, LSD, PCP, Marijuana, Peyote LSD and the Brain

Though the name may sound harmless, bath salts are a dangerous synthetic stimulant that carry the risk of easy overdose, hallucinations and even death. A synthetic, stimulant powder product that contains amphetamine-like chemicals, including mephedrone, which may have a high risk for overdose

Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.