Islam Under Attack Crusaders and Mongols

1.Background to Conflict 2.Presentation 3.Making Sense of the Crusades 4.Impact on Islam and Christianity

How did we get to this point?

Jerusalem

Jewish Claims First occupied around 2600 BC According to Jewish scholars, the Word of God was first spoken here and all the earth grew from this spot The dust to make Adam was found here as well

Jerusalem Jewish Claims Jewish kingdoms, ruled by King Solomon and King David based out of Jerusalem from 1000 BC 1000 years of conflict between Egyptians, Babylonians, Sumerians, and Jewish peoples

Jerusalem Christian Claims Romans take over in 63 BC Life and Death of Christ Tomb of Christ nearby

Jerusalem Christian–Jewish Conflict Came under Christian control when Romans converted Jews banned from city for 200 years

Roman Rule

Fall of Rome

Byzantines

Remnants of the Roman Empire Largest Christian Empire Control much of the Mediterranean

Jerusalem Christian–Jewish Conflict In 614 AD, Jews retake the city in a siege Helped by Persians Reportedly kill all of the Christians inside Christian Byzantines retake the city after 15 years, again killing and driving off Jewish forces

Enter Islam………………… …..

Current Views of Islam

Arab History Arabs NOT the same as Muslim Distinct ethnic group from Arabia Ancient people with a deep history

Arab History Split between nomadic Bedouins and Semites who live in cities Two groups worked together to build long trade routes, develop writing, and advance agriculture, math, astronomy, and medicine

Islamic History In 610 AD, Muhammad is visited by archangel Gabriel Brought by Gabriel to Jerusalem where he sees God and Prophets Receives the Word which becomes the Qu’ran

Islamic History Starts as a rebellious belief in monotheism, human equality, and freedom for the poor and slaves Series of prophets, including Moses, Christ, and ending with Muhammad

Islamic History Muhammad forced to leave Mecca Travels to Medina and establishes a new government Repels three separate attacks from Mecca Returns and conquers Mecca, sets sights on the rest of Arabia Medina Mecca Jerusalem

Islamic History From the beginning Islam is connected to warfare But is also a cause of social justice for the oppressed Emphasizes learning, scholarship, ethics, and the creation of law Mecca Medina Jerusalem

AD

Jerusalem Muslim forces defeat Christian Byzantines in 634 AD with help of Jewish forces Jews and Christians allowed to live in city Distinct holy areas for each group

AD

Expansion Islamic faith moves beyond Arabia Mix of conversion and military expansion Brings sustained conflict with Byzantines AD

AD

War with Christians 100 years of conflict in North Africa Islamic leaders dream of a new world order Conquer Spain and get a foothold in Europe Byzantines largely defeated and left controlling Turkey AD

War with Christians Took possession of major libraries and research centers of the Ancient World Technological, scientific, philosophic, and ethical teachings of Greece, Rome, and Egypt AD

Consolidation Expansion largely stops Develop new sciences, medicine, and inventions Islamic leaders consolidate power at home End of conflict? AD

Crusades Begin

Conflict Focused in Turkey Border Between Christian Europe and Islamic World Last Hold of Byzantines

Crusades Through Muslim Eyes Cheat Sheet Franj = Frankish = Occidentals = Europeans Tartars= Mongols Orient = Turkish = Seljuk = Muslim Byzantine = Rum = Roman = Greek

Why did the Franj attack? Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II Received call for help from Byzantine Emperor Preached and demanded for an attack against Muslims Called for a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II Popes and Kings in conflict Division between Eastern and Western Church Europe filled with minor lords fighting one another Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II How did he convince Europe to go to war? What were the reasons he gave? What other reasons might he have? Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II Concern for other Christians Control over militaries Reuniting Church European warriors fighting each other Idealism and millennial beliefs Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Peter the Hermit

The People’s Crusade 40,000 unskilled men, women, the elderly, and even children march to reclaim the Holy Land Unruly horde with little leadership

The People’s Crusade Anti-Muslim preaching also led to Anti- Jewish attacks in Europe In one town, Mainze, 1,100 Jews were killed by the Crusaders

The People’s Crusade When the crusade reaches Constantinople they are largely leaderless and interested in pillaging and killing Byzantine Emperor sends them out to be killed by the Turks

The Prince’s Crusade Princes from Germany and France gathered an army and marched toward Jerusalem Defeat of Nicaea and Antioch

The Prince’s Crusade Make it to Jerusalem with little problem Jerusalem falls after a short siege Establish Christian states in Middle East

200 Years of Crusades Christians eventually pushed out of Holy Lands Two centuries of attacks on Muslims Never regain Jerusalem again

Lasting Effects – Muslim World Leadership goes from Arab to Turkish hands Very little learned from Europeans Islamic world becomes “inward- facing” Jihad becomes rallying cry for holy wars Continuing animosity with Christians

Lasting Effects – Christian World Europeans learn great deal from Muslims Reconnect with Silk Road Church solidified power Legitimate using force to take over lands of pagans

Lasting Effects – Middle East Continued religious conflict Remains prize for Christians, Jews, and Muslims Presence of oil complicates everything