Monocolonial Antibody

IB Learning Objective Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal Antibody Definition Antibody produced by a single clone (type) of B lymphocytes It consists of a population of identical antibody molecules.

Monoclonal Antibody Uses A monoclonal antibody has many uses in medicine because: –They are stable molecules –They can be used over a long period of time

Monoclonal Antibodies Production They are made from genetic engineering using mouse cells. See page 357 in pink IB textbook

Monoclonal Antibodies Production 1.Antigens that correspond to desired antibody are injected into an animal (usually a mouse) 2.B-cells are produce by the above animal and the antibodies produced by B-cells are removed.

Monoclonal Antibodies Production 3.Tumour cells are obtained. These cells grow and divide endlessy. 4.B-Cells from above animals are fused with tumour cells, producing a cell called a hybridoma. 5.These hybridoma divide endlessly and produce a lot of the desire antibodies.

Monoclonal Antibodies Production 6.The hybridoma cells are culture & the antibodies they produce are purified and extracted

Monoclonial Antibodies Videos hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swfhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf nimations/content/monoclonalantibodies.ht mlhttp:// nimations/content/monoclonalantibodies.ht ml

IB Learning Objective Describe the use of monoclonal antibodies.

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies Determine/ diagnose pregnancy –Pregnant women produce a urine with high concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) –Monoclonial antibodies that bond with HCG have been engineered to also carry color granules. –Thus a change in color in a pregnancy test confirms pregnancy.

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies Treatment of Disease –Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA) on the cell (plasma) membrane –Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced…. –These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell

Uses of monoclonal Antibodies Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies: Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct injection of antibodies The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection Other applications Cancer Treatment Transplant Tissue Typing Purification of industrial products

Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual Lab logy-virtual-labhttp:// logy-virtual-lab

Viruses & Vaccinations

IB Assessment Statement Explain the principle of vaccination

Vaccines A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into the body to generate an immune response and produce memory B cells. Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on subsequent exposure to the pathogen the secondary immune response is faster.

Response of the Immune System to a Vaccine. V= Vaccination I=Infection Sometimes two or more vaccinations are needed to stimulate the production of enough antibodies to fight off a disease.

First Vaccination V= Vaccination I=Infection The first vaccination causes little antibody production and the production of some memory cells.

Second Vaccination V= Vaccination I=Infection The second vaccination, called a booster shot causes a response from the memory cells & therefore a faster & greater production of antibodies.

Vaccination Summary There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious enough to be fatal. Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen) which have significantly reduced pathogenicity. The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is weakened (attenuated). These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs

Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells. Viruses have a simple structure. –genetic material (RNA or DNA) –capsid, a protein shell –maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope surface proteins capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope Surface proteins capsid surface proteins nucleic acid helical (rabies) polyhedral (foot-and-mouth disease) enveloped (influenza)

. colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x

Bacteriophages infect bacteria. capsid DNA tail sheath tail fiber

Relative Sizes viruses nm prokaryotics cells ,000 nm eukaryotics cells 10, ,000 nm 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter

IB Assessment Statement Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccinations

VIDEOS Ted Talks on Vaccine CQz8WQhttps:// CQz8WQ LCPrEhttps:// LCPrE