Chordates Notocord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Gills Postanal tail

Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate

Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics

Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate

Figure 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

Fig. 27.3, p. 457 nerve cordnotochord gut oral opening atrial opening (water that passed through pharynx leaves this way) pharynx with gill slits

Figure 34.4b Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

Fig. 27.4, p. 457 DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD NOTOCHORD PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS epidermisanus pore of atrial cavity hindgutgonad aorta midgut segmented muscles tentacles around mouth segmented muscles

Figure 34.5 Early fossil vertebrates: Haikouella (top), Myllokunmingia (bottom)

Figure 34.6 The neural crest, embryonic source of many unique vertebrate characters

Agnathans

Figure 34.8 A hagfish

Fig. 27.7, p. 459 TentaclesGill slits (twelve pairs)Mucous glands Gill openings (seven pairs)

Figure 34.9 A sea lamprey

Figure Hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrate jaws

Fig. 27.6, p. 458 supporting structures gill slit jaw spiracle (small gill slit) jaw support jaw Early jawless fish (an agnathan) Early jawed fish (a placoderm) Modern jawed fish (a shark)

In-text, p. 463

Chondrichthyes

Figure Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)

Fig. 27.8, p. 460

Osteichthyes

caudal fin dorsal fin pectoral fin (one of two) pelvic fin (one of two) anal fin muscle segments fin supports brain olfactory bulb heart liver gallbladder stomach intestineswim bladder kidney anus urinary bladder Fig. 27.9, p. 461

Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Figure 34.12b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

Figure Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

Figure A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

Figure Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish

Amphibians

Figure Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

Figure 34.17x1 Frogs

Fig , p. 463

Figure “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

Amniotes Produce eggs with membranes

Figure Amniotic egg

Figure Taxonomic classes of amniotes

Reptiles

Figure A hatching reptile

Fig , p. 464 snout olfactory lobe (sense of smell) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain regions spinal cord vertebral column gonad kidney cloaca intestine stomach liver heart esophagus unmatched rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws

Figure Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

Fig , p. 466 hollow fang venom gland

Figure 34.24ax Sea turtle

hard shell ribs of endoskeleton Fig , p. 466

Figure 34.24bx Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus

Figure 34.24cx Emerald tree boa

birds

Fig b, p. 468

Figure Form fits function: the avian wind and feather

Fig , p. 469 skull radius humerus pectoral girdle internal structure of bird limb bones two main flight muscles attached to keel of sternum sternum pelvic girdle ulna shaft barb barbule

Figure A bald eagle in flight

Figure Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile

Figure 34.27x Archaeopteryx

Figure 34.28a Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Sinoauaropteryx

Figure 34.28b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx

Figure A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)

Figure 34.29x Penguin march