Global Economy and Business MOBILITY AND MIGRATION Prof.ssa Luisa Natale /

MOBILITY AND MIGRATION 6. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF ITALY

1. SOURCES OF THE DATA

WHAT CAN YOU MEASURE? The flows of migrants from/to Italy The stock of migrants in Italy The irregular and illegal migration

A more general distinction is between: flow data and stock data. flow data allow us to follow the phenomenon constantly over time stock data permit us to look in greater depth at some aspects, with the possibility of gathering more detailed information, perhaps with a larger and temporally more concentrated effort e.g. by means of a census

Knowing flows …

Importance to detect flows The main aim should be that of knowing the size and characteristics of the inflows and outflows whose correct calculation would also allow us to construct information on the size of immigrant populations at various moments

Collecting data on migratory flows requires the existence of a well-organised and well-structured statistical system Therefore in the statistical measurement of migration, this situation has led us to use stock measurements (referring that is to the number of migrants present in the population considered at a given moment), not only taken together with flow data (as would be opportune) but sometimes as a clear alternative.

Stock data - such as that on permits to stay in Italy - cannot tell us much about the intensity of the flows. Variations in size from one year to another are the result of a complex mechanism of arrivals and departures leaving only the net balance provided for.

FLOW DATA OR STOCK DATA? Neither of the two approaches to measuring migration phenomena is without its limits. Best situation is based on a combined and integrated use of the two levels of information

The flows of migrant Italy is one of the Countries of the Union that can provide the information required by EU Regulation on the flows of immigration and emigration. You use the same criteria of the definitions of the United Nations and the European Commission

The flows of migrant in Italy Enrolment (inflows) and cancellation (outflows) of the registration to and from foreign countries Information on arrivals and departures by citizenship, country of origin, country of destination

Inflows of non-EU citizens, demographic and territorial indicators, selected citizenships. 2010, absolute values ​​ and percent. Sources: elaborations by Istat from Home Office

The flows of migrant in Italy Limitations Only the regular movements Distortion of the data due to the regularization of the irregular migration Systematic underestimation of the outflow of foreigners

Knowing stocks…

The stock of the migrant in Italy Foreigners can be divided into at least three categories based on the legal status of stay and residence: stable legal semi-stable legal illegal or irregular

The stock of migrant in Italy: a typology Legal stable: population register and / or census. Stable legal and semi-stable: residence permits. Irregular or illegal: estimates.

FOREIGN RESIDENTS, CITIZENS OF COUNTRIES BY REGION. 1th JANUARY 2011, Source: Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”,

FOREIGN RESIDENTS BY REGION - 1st January 2011 sources Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”, Anno 2011

Migration and migrant Specific sub-population: the population of foreign origin

Population of foreign origin in Italy Population of foreign origin is obtained by adding to the foreign population these components : - foreign immigrants who have become Italian (first-generation naturalized immigrants) - the children of foreign immigrants who have become Italian (second generation, naturalized). Categories currently detectable only with the Census.

Knowing stocks and flows of migrant population. What are the sources? Registers of the population (to measure flows and stocks) National Census (to measure stock) Residents permits (to measure the flows/stock) Sample surveys ( to measure irregular and illegal migration )

Register of the population (anagrafe) Register of the population since 1993 provides the total annual budget (balance of population) and the stock of resident population by country of citizenship and sex

Last National Census 2001 and 2011 It is the only survey that currently allows us to identify and quantify the stock of immigrants or foreign origin population. It contains questions about the country of birth, nationality, the possession of Italian citizenship by birth or by acquisition and on their previous citizenship.

National Census 2001, 2011 Distributions of the foreign population (immigrant or foreign origin), also based on single variables: collectivities, sex, age, marital status, education level, household composition, housing situation, employment, etc. You have a much greater geographical detail of other sources (for example, at least teoretically, at census tract level).

Residence permits Istat provides reliable data on the number of foreigners holding a residence permit, excluding duplications and expired documents, since The main problem, in some years, is the lack of timeliness in the dissemination of the revised final data by Istat. A review of files prior to 1991 would allow a reconstruction of the historical phenomenon since the Eighties. An important node is related to children in tow, not yet counted. Scarce use of the information on the duration of the permit, an information required by the European Commission.

Resident Permit in Italy, (a) Source Istat elaboration from Home Office Statistics (a) Data refer to individual residence permit, not comprised minor enroled on the adult residence permit. Since 2008 Union European’ citizens not included.

Measure irregular and illegal migration ⇒ Sample surveys In Italy they are the essential tool of knowledge of the characteristics of the phenomenon. Great attention to the methodological aspects, in particular to the type of sampling to be used for a reference population substantially unknown. Definition of new procedures for identifying units to be interviewed, until reaching the sampling for community centers

The ways to enter illegally

Irregular and illegal migration Area on which the stimulating action of the European Commission can produce significant results. These data are produced regularly by national Home Office and collected at the European level within the activities of the Centre for Information, Discussion and Exchange on the Crossing of Frontiers and Immigration (CIREFI). It would be desirable to their more widespread, a more organic and stable, a critical clarification of definitions and concepts of reference to allow a more correct and comprehensive also to evaluate the effectiveness of policies to combat and funding as it does in the United States.

ITALY : IN THE PAST A COUNTRY OF EMIGRATION

Migration flows of Italian nationals, (values in thousands) 32

ITALY : IN THE PAST A COUNTRY OF EMIGRATION From 1876 to 1980 the total volume of migration that involved our country was 26 million people, with a return flow of 9 million between 1905 and 1981 (no data in the previous period)

1. Since 1876, the beginning of 1900 a steady increase in the number of emigrants up to 1885 were due to some European countries (France, Switzerland, Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire), later become important transoceanic migrations to the United States, Brazil and Argentina. These flows initially came from the regions of northern Italy and later from the southern

2. From 1900 to 1915 the increase became larger each year, affecting some 600 thousand people, with a peak equal to 873thousands emigrants in % of the flow was towards transoceanic destinations and 50% came from Southern Italy.

3. From 1915 to 1918 emigration stopped. 4. From 1918 to 1930 period of application of fascist policy against migration. Increase weight of flows to European countries, mainly France and diminishing flows towards United States because of the Literacy Act (1917), which prohibited the entry of the illiterate population, and Quota system applied since From 1930 to 1945, the fascist politics of migration and the Great Depression of '29 caused a strong reduction of migratory flows from our country and the low flows are mainly directed towards European countries

6. From 1945 to 1976 flows increased with the particularity that flows of immigrants arriving from the territories ceded to Yugoslavia ( thousand people involved in the exodus of the Italian community) and from former colonies in Africa (about 200 thousand refugees) and the flows of migrants resulting from bilateral agreements with European countries of old immigration and some countries outside Europe. After Second World War migration flows were determined by the particular economic conditions of Italy and host countries: prevailing model of guest worker migration characterized by short duration (significant return flows).

6. Everything within legal contexts very heterogeneous across countries and others: free movement in Germany after the creation of the EEC stringent controls in Switzerland. This period was also characterized by intense internal flows to Italy (prevailing direction South-North) In the early 70's net migration for the first time became positive because of restrictive policies also caused by the first Oil Crisis

Population change and net migration in Italy Source: IRPPS, The italian transition from emigration to immigration country, Working Paper n.24, 2009 In the '50s, '60s and '70s the variation of the population is high and determined by high rates of natural and positive and negative migration rates. The migration rate is positive but close to zero due to the economic downturn that hit across Europe. In the next two decades the rates of change are reduced more so to identify Italy as a country demographically stationary. Lately a demographic recovery determined by immigration. 39

International migration flows, Italy (‰ inhabitants) Source: IRPPS, The italian transition from emigration to immigration country, Working Paper n.24,

Figure shows from 1955 to the early '70s Italy characterized by a negative net migratory rate. Positive values ​​ after 1960 refer to corrections due to operations and post-census corrections. From 1970 onwards the rate becomes increasingly positive and significant. At the beginning of the period is determined by return flows from the ‘80s onwards, but is characterized by inputs of foreigners in the country (in mid ‘90s 80% of inflow was made by foreigners). The peaks of the rate observed in the early 2000's are linked to the amnesty laws that allowed the legalization of many illegal aliens. 41

International migration flows, Italian regional subdivisions (‰ inhabitants) 42

The analysis of the net migratory rate at territorial divisions level shows that Italy, in relation to migratory movements, is divided into sub-regions. In Central Italy outflows, however, can be observed only for short periods in the second half of the '50s and '60s. Italy, especially the South East, has been characterized in the '50s and '60s by prevailing population outflows (negative net migration). In the current characterization of Italy as a country of immigration, the South is excluded. North Western and North Eastern Italy reach the same levels of immigrants (as a relative value to the population of the corresponding distributions) with values ​​ that lie around 9-10 ‰. 43

The stock of foreign population in Italy. The recent evolution of the resident population (de iure population)

FOREIGN RESIDENTS IN ITALY TO JANUARY 1 - YEARS (THOUSANDS) Sources: Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”, 2011

FOREIGN RESIDENTS AT 1 January 2010 EU COUNTRIES (FOR RESIDENTS 100) Sources: Eurostat, Demography

FOREIGN RESIDENTS, CITIZENS OF COUNTRIES BY REGION. 1th JANUARY 2011, Source: Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”,

Fonte: Elaborazione dati Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”, Anno RESIDENT FOREIGN POPULATION (x 100 resident). 1 ST JANUARY 2011 RESIDENT FOREIGN POPULATION BY REGION: INCREASE 2011/2010 Source: own elaboration from Istat, “Statistica report – La popolazione straniera residente”, Anno

Source: IRPPS, The italian transition from emigration to immigration country, Working Paper n.24,

Immigration of Foreigners by age, Italy 1990 to 2004 (percent of age groups) IRPPS, The italian transition from emigration to immigration country, Working Paper n.24,

We show how in the early period ( ) the sex structure was somewhat irregular with a small percentage of women in total (values ​​ around %). Today more balanced sex structure can be observed (% females ​​ around 50%). These figures are a summary of reports that are manifested in very different ways depending on the nationality of the migrants. In the decade there is a predominance of men in groups from Morocco, Tunisia and Albania and opposite values ​​ for the Philippines and Ukraine. Communities that do not show significant differences are the Chinese and Romanians. 51

As concern as age structure, the age group is dominant throughout the period in question. Job search is the main reason why people arrive to Italy. The percentage of age <19 years fluctuates around 20% makes you understand how family reunions take place in later migration of the "breadwinner" and how the migration projects are medium to long term.

The stock …. Recent evolution of the present population: the semi-stable legal population (residence permits)

Resident Permit in Italy, (a) Source Istat elaboration from Home Office Statistics (a) Data refer to individual residence permit, not comprised minor enroled on the adult residence permit. Since 2008 Union European’ citizens not included.

Residence permit by regional subdivision , absolute value (a). Source : own elaboration from Home Office Statistics (a) Data refer to individual residence permit, not comprised minor enroled on the adult residence permit. Since 2008 Union European’ citizens not included. No Oceania evolution (too little figures)

Absolute and percentage value ( increase). First five communities. Italy, non EU residence permits. Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Age pyramid non-EU citizens residing, compared with the total Italian population- 1°January 2011,% values. Source: own elaboration from ISTAT

Age pyramid of non-EU citizens legally residing, compared with that of Morocco and Ukraine - 1° January 2011, value %. Source: own elaboration from ISTAT

Non-EU citizens legally resident, by province-January 2011, absolute values ​​ (a).. Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Non-EU citizens legally residing in the total population, by province-January 1, 2011, absolute values ​​ Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Non-EU citizens under 18 years born in Italy for community-selected January 1, 2011, % values (share of the overall child of that collectivity. Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Non-EU citizens legally resident, indicators for selected nationalities and types of residence-January 1, 2011 Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics a) data refers to non-EU citizens aged 60 years

Permits of residence by reason of permit, selected communities – 1° January 2011, absolute values and % Source: ISTAT elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Flows towards Italy Recent evolution of the present population: the annual flows of new residence permits

Inflows of non-EU citizens, demographic and territorial indicators, selected citizenships. 2010, absolute values ​​ and percent. Sources: elaborations by Istat from Home Office

FIGURA 2.11 Ingressi di cittadini non comunitari per provincia - Anno 2010, valori assoluti e percentuale sul totale dei cittadini non comunitari regolarmente soggiornanti(a) Valori assoluti Valori percentuali Source: ISTAT elaboration from Home Office Statistics Inflows of non-EU citizens, 2010, absolute values ​​ and percent. Valori assoluti Valori percentuali

Inflows of non-EU citizens by reason of permit of residences, selected citizenships. 2010, absolute values ​​ and percent. Sources: elaborations by Istat from Home Office

Inflows non EU citizens by seasonal work per 100 inflows by provinces -2010, % Source: own elaboration from Home Office Statistics

Materials Bonifazi, C. e S. Strozza 2006 “Conceptual framework and data collection in international migration”, in G. Caselli, J. Vallin and G. Wunsch (eds), Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. IV, Elsevier, San Diego.