CELL MEMBRANE Also known as Plasma or Cytoplasmic membrane

Description  Separates interior of all cells from the outside environment  Thin semi permeable membrane surrounding cytoplasm of cell

Function  Protects cells from surroundings  Involved in cell adhesion, ion conductivity, cell signaling and attachment surface  Helps maintain cell shape

Biology 12 CELL WALLS Kennedy, Lyndsey & Annika

Description I.Boundary of outer structure of plant cell

Function I.Gives support ie to thin leaves and allows plant to get tall II.Carbohydrate storage III.Prevents membrane from bursting (resists water pressure) IV.Controls direction and rate of cell growth V.Contains enzymes for transport and secretion

Chloroplast Diagram Electron Micrograph

Structure and location Located only in plant cells and photosynthetic protists Bound by double membrane Inside organelle there is more membrane organized into flattened sacs called thylakoids

Function Produce glucose through photosynthesis which is the energy source for the plant Give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide Chlorophyll makes the plant green and absorbs energy that is later turned into ATP by other parts of the chloroplast.

Mitochondria Jonah Anthony

Structure Contained within cytoplasm Two Membranes: outer and inner Matrix Crista

Functions POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL Produce ATP molecules (oxidative phosphorylation) Responsible for cellular respiration

Golgi Apparatus Maddi and Robina

Description & Location: Discovered in 1898 by an Italian biologist Camillo Golgi. Its composed of a stack of about a half-dozen or more saccules. One side of the stack called the inner face, is directed towards the nucleus and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). The other side of the stack, called the outer face is directed towards the plasma membrane. Located in all plant and animal cells.

Function: Used for modifying, packaging, storing, and distributing proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Under a electron microscope the Golgi Apparatus is seen to be composed of flattened structures which contain numerous vesicles containing secretory granules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Hayley, Morgan, and Kian

Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system – Forms a membranous system of tubular canals Production – Involves synthesis and modification of macromolecules If attached to RIBOSOMES = Rough ER If attached to PEROXISOMES = Smooth ER Peroxisome = a small organelle that is present in the cytoplasm of many cells and that contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases.

Structure and Function- Smooth ER Structure Special vacuoles called “peroxisomes” are attached Function Produces different molecules in different cells Abundant in testes and adrenal cortex – Both of which produce steroid hormones (lipids) Contain enzymes that can detoxify drugs (including alcohol)

Structure and Function- Rough ER Structure Ribosomes attached give rough texture Function Specializes in protein synthesis or protein modification

Ribosomes And Polysomes Jenelle and Shelby

Diagram and Electron Micrograph

Polysomes Diagram Small chain of ribosomes connected to mRNA Polysomes description and location Polysomes function Responsible for relaying part of the DNA information needed for cell reproduction

Description and location of a Ribosome a tiny, mitten- like shaped organelle occur in large numbers floating in the cytoplasm Clump either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula.

Function of Ribosomes Ribosomes creates the protein in the body Therefore repairs damage or directs chemical processes in the body

Nucleus

Structure Double membrane called nucleus envelope -Made from phospholipids Molecules in and out through nuclear pores DNA found throughout the nucleus Mass of RNA and protein called the nucleolus

Functions DNA contains the code for creating all proteins in our body RNA copies the gene sequence of the DNA and transports it to the ribosomes When cells replicate, DNA duplicates to form a chromosome (two identical DNA strands connected by protein) The chromosome splits in two

Lysosomes, Vacuoles, & Vesicles Created by: Justice, Jon, & Dallas.

Lysosome diagram and electron micrograph

Lysosome Tiny sacs of fluid that contain enzymes Outer surface is a single membrane of phospholipids Spherical shape Located in cytoplasm One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste

Function Releases enzymes outside of cell to destroy materials around cell Breaks down materials inside and outside the cell Reduces products from biochemical reactions Removes unwanted materials from cell

Vacuole Located in both plant and animal cells. Act as storage for food and nutrients. Cleanses itself of waste materials. Structure: Its structure resembles a bowl or bubble for storage. A membrane occupied with an internal fluid. Water storage is possible for plants. Size depends on availability of water.

Function Functionality plays a large role in plant structure. Larger vacuoles = more stability. Depleted vacuoles doesn’t destroy plant structure. Cell walls contribute in a “last resort” support.

Vesicles Diagram and Micrograph

Vesicles Small organelle consisting of fluid enclosed by a bilayer membrane Come from rough ER and golgi apparatus Lysosomes are a kind of vesicle that contain enzymes used for cellular digestion Contents isolated from surrounding cytoplasm

Functions Takes materials from golgi apparatus or rough ER to other parts of the cell Takes proteins from golgi apparatus to the cell walls Stores and transports substances such as enzymes Functions in metabolism

Cytoskeleton

Structure Network located throughout the cell Composed of protein (actin) microtubules and microfilaments Anchored to the cell membrane

Function Maintains shape and structure of cell Allow movement of cell parts Form spindle fibres during cell division