How have we adapted to our constantly changing environments?

 Learning: ◦ Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice  (Change that occurs naturally and is controlled by our biological make-up = maturation)

 Coined by Ivan Pavlov  Stumbled upon while doing research on the digestive system of dogs (including levels of salivation)  Noticed that dogs would start salivating (a natural reflex) even before food was given to them (when they saw just the bowl)

 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ◦ Some object/thing/sound/etc. that produces a natural response  Unconditioned Response (UCR) ◦ Involuntary response (reflex)  Neutral Stimulus (NS) ◦ Some stimuli that does NOT initially produce a response  Conditioned Stimulus (CS) ◦ When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a UCS...the stimulus can illicit the UCR....it then becomes a conditioned stimulus  Conditioned Response (CR) ◦ When the UCR happens to the CS (learned response to the CR)

 Terms to label: ◦ UCS ◦ UCR ◦ NS ◦ CS ◦ CR  Situation: Pavlov’s Dogs

◦ UCS ◦ UCR ◦ NS ◦ CS ◦ CR

 AuI

 ychology/08/e08expand.html ychology/08/e08expand.html  [3:30- 11:40]

 Pair-Share Discussion

 Occurs when a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original ◦ Pavlov’s dog example:  responding to any bell sound, no matter what pitch ◦ Human Example:  Someone who responds to fear at sound of dentist drill may also cringe when hearing the coffee grinder  Little Albert...more to come  Think about it...  If stimulus generalization had occurred with someone who had learned to be afraid of the ocean, what other things could cause a fear response in that person? ◦ (a lake, river, bathtub, pool)

 the ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli. ◦ Pavlov’s dog example:  only responding to one type of bell ◦ Another Example:  Whenever you come home from work, the first thing you do is feed your dog. As a result, your dog gets excited as soon as he hears your car pulling up at the driveway, barking and running to the door.  Eventually, he begins to get excited as soon as any family member arrives in their car, thinking that he will get fed as well.  Everytime he hears any car pull up at the driveway, he starts barking and running to the door.  That is Stimulus Generalization.  But if none of the other family members ever feed the dog as soon as they arrive home, your dog eventually learns that it is only the sound of your car pulling up at the driveway that's worth getting excited about.  That is Stimulus Discrimination, because he learns to distinguish only the specific sound that means food is coming, and learns to ignore all other car sounds as not relevant to his getting fed

 the gradual loss of an association over time. The conditioned response (CR) will gradually die out ◦ Pavlov’s dogs example:  After the bell was rung without the presence of food, the dogs would drool, but over time, just the ringing didn’t produce drooling  The bell no longer predicted food, so the CR died out  Don’t forget that learning is relatively permanent though....

 After extinction, the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original conditioned stimulus (CS) returns  Response is usually weak, short-lived, but there ◦ Pavlov’s dog example:  After a few weeks without the bell and when the drooling response to it was seemingly extinct, Pavlov rang the bell and the dogs all drooled for a short time. ◦ Human example: bottom page 186

1.strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus 2.neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

 In what way do you think classical conditioning helps with advertising?

 Ways in which classical conditioning helps sell… Pairing popular music together with products in ads to generate positive feelings Consistently advertising a product on an exciting game show may result in the product itself generating excitement Christmas music played in a story may trigger happy memories in a consumer’s mind persuading them to enter the store  Before we have heard of a product, it is Neutral. If we associate the product (N) with pleasant images (UCS), which produce pleasant feelings (UCR), the product (CS) will later create pleasant feelings (CR).

Let’s say you have a beverage commercial that includes barely clothed models drinking the product. Conditioning is taking place. Neutral: beverage product UCS: barely clothed models UCR: pleasant feelings CS: the product CR: pleasant feelings

 Little Albert ◦ Researchers: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner ◦ This type of experiment is known as aversive conditioning because it uses more negative approaches  ozLyE ozLyE

UCS Kiss UCR Racing Heart CS Sight of Significant Other UCS Kiss UCR Racing Heart CS Sight of Significant Other CR Racing Heart

 A type of conditioned emotional response  What is one of your phobias? Can you think of how it might have been conditioned?  Phobias of non-dangerous things difficult to condition (like flowers)...raisins...pickles ◦ ◦  Page 189 textbook video on the treatment of phobias with conditioning

 Know this name: John Garcia  Found that taste aversions don’t need repeated trials to be conditioned ◦ Things like fear and nausea, which are helpful to survival, tend to be conditioned with stimuli quickly  The ease of acquiring taste aversions is known as the “Garcia Effect”

 Conditioned in an aversive situation...may feel helpless to change situation and stop trying at all  Human example: ◦ a woman who feels shy in social situations may eventually begin to feel that there is nothing she can do to overcome her symptoms. This sense that her symptoms are out of her direct control may lead her to stop trying to engage herself in social situations, thus making her shyness even more pronounced.