Lung Disease L.O: to describe the effects of lung diseases on lung function Starter: Pulmonary TB is a disease of the lungs. Describe the transmission and course of infection of pulmonary TB. (5 marks)

Answers

Bacteria inhaled by person not immune to it Bacteria start to reproduce in upper lung where plenty of oxygen Immune system responds, phagocytes arrive and ingest bacteria Usually in young children In healthy, more resistant people Primary Infection Lymph nodes that drain area of lungs become inflammed and enlarged – Few symptoms and the infection is controlled, but some bacteria remain Many years later bacteria re-emerge in a second infection Post-Primary Infection (may not happen) More difficult to control. Lung tissue damaged, scar tissue forms Lung tissue and blood coughed up,without treatment can fatally spread throughout body More difficult to control. Lung tissue damaged, scar tissue forms Many years later bacteria may re-emerge in a second infection Lymph nodes that drain area of lungs become inflammed and enlarged – Few symptoms and the infection is controlled, but some bacteria remain Immune system responds, phagocytes arrive and ingest bacteria Bacteria inhaled by person not immune to it Lung tissue and blood coughed up, without treatment can fatally spread throughout body Bacteria start to reproduce in upper lung where plenty of oxygen

Bacteria inhaled by person not immune to it Bacteria start to reproduce in upper lung where plenty of oxygen Immune system responds, phagocytes arrive and ingest bacteria Usually in young children In healthy, more resistant people Primary Infection Lymph nodes that drain area of lungs become inflammed and enlarged – Few symptoms and the infection is controlled, but some bacteria remain Many years later bacteria re-emerge in a second infection Post-Primary Infection (may not happen) More difficult to control. Lung tissue damaged, scar tissue forms Lung tissue and blood coughed up,without treatment can fatally spread throughout body

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Disease Cause Affect on lungs Symptoms Pulmonary Fibrosis Asthma Emphysema

Disease Cause Affect on lungs Symptoms Pulmonary Fibrosis Exact cause unclear – microscopic injury/genetic predisposition Scar tissue lengthens diffusion pathway and alveoli are less elastic Shortness of breath Chronic, dry cough Pain in chest Weakness and fatigue Asthma Localised allergic reaction Bronchiole muscle contracts, constricting airways so less oxygen can enter lungs Difficulty breathing, Wheezing sound when breathing Tight feeling in chest/Coughing Emphysema Almost always smoking. Rarely air pollution Alveoli merge together – more space, less surface area. Elasticity reduced, exhalation volume reduced Chronic cough Bluish skin colouration

Lung diseases The all disrupt lung function: Pulmonary TB (only infectious disease here) Bacteria destroy lung tissue - cavities and scars form Pulmonary fibrosis Scar tissue thickens diffusion path Reduces elasticity – lower volume of air exhaled Asthma Constricted airways reduce air taken in (inhalation affected) Emphysema Surface area of alveoli reduced

Past Exam Q Emphysema is another disease of the lungs. People with emphysema may feel weak and tired. Explain why. (5 marks)

Answers

Keyword Crossword Think of keywords on lungs and apply them to the crossword

A-D Cards Which is an infectious disease? Pulmonary tuberculosis Asthma Pulmonary fibrosis Emphysema

A-D Cards What is the main site of gas exchange in lungs? Trachea Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles

A-D Cards Pulmonary ventilation = Tidal wave X ventilation rate Tidal volume X heart rate Tidal volume / ventilation rate Tidal volume X ventilation rate

A-D Cards Which is not correct. During: Inspiration the diaphragm flattens Expiration the external intercostals relax Inspiration the internal intercostals contract Expiration the diaphragm contracts

A-D Cards Which is not a feature of Fick’s Law? Surface area Length of diffusion path Water potential Difference in concentration