Map, Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation Unit 3

Earth Science: Mapping the Earth  Video: 20 minutes

History of Maps  Early maps SketchesSketches  Later maps Better drawingsBetter drawings MisinformationMisinformation Artistic portrayal / vision (imaginative)Artistic portrayal / vision (imaginative)  Modern maps AccurateAccurate ScientificScientific

Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis (oriented with East at the top)

Nova Et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio Ad Usum Navigantium emendate..., Gerard Mercator's famous world map,

Map of the Danish Kingdom, 1629, by Janssonius.

Today’s Maps

GIS - TODAY

Today: GIS

Terms  Cartographer  Relative location Orientation of a place, ie. North of FrederictonOrientation of a place, ie. North of Fredericton  Scale: The relationship between distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the groundThe relationship between distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground  Large scale map Shows a small land area in great detailShows a small land area in great detail  Small scale map Shows a large land area with less detailShows a large land area with less detail  Spatial data: the information to create a mapthe information to create a map  Data collected for a map can be: Qualitative data - buildings, roads, riversQualitative data - buildings, roads, rivers Quantitative data – elevations, air temperatures, population densityQuantitative data – elevations, air temperatures, population density

Maps are:  Fundamental tool of a geographer Way of recording and storing informationWay of recording and storing information Means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial patternsMeans of analyzing locational distributions and spatial patterns Methods of presenting information and communicating findingsMethods of presenting information and communicating findings  Essential Visually convey large amounts of spatial information in an easy to read formatVisually convey large amounts of spatial information in an easy to read format Easier to see patterns and distributionsEasier to see patterns and distributions  Map making is not a static field Evolving with technologyEvolving with technology  GIS – Geographical Information Systems  GPS – Global Positioning System

Tools Used by Geographers  GIS  GPS  Maps  Magnetic Compass  Altimeter A device used for measuring elevation of an object above a fixed levelA device used for measuring elevation of an object above a fixed level  Planimeter A device used to measure distancesA device used to measure distances  Radar A means of detecting objects using radiowaves that reflect off of them.A means of detecting objects using radiowaves that reflect off of them.  Sonar A means of detecting objects underwater using sound wavesA means of detecting objects underwater using sound waves  Used to map the ocean floor  Sextant A measuring tool used to measure angle of elevation of a celestial object with respect to the horizonA measuring tool used to measure angle of elevation of a celestial object with respect to the horizon  Chronometer Timekeeper / Determines longitude by celestial navigationTimekeeper / Determines longitude by celestial navigation  Rulers  String

 List all the map types you know of or have used. How essential were they to you completing your goals?How essential were they to you completing your goals?

Different Types of Maps  Road map  Political map  Economic or resource map Geological mapGeological map  Shaded relief map Map showing relative elevations / height of land (uses color or shading)Map showing relative elevations / height of land (uses color or shading)  Topographic map (contour) Shows the elevation of land at all pointsShows the elevation of land at all points  Thematic maps Soil distribution mapSoil distribution map Climate matClimate mat  Provincial map

 Maps of the Nepisiquit River Various maps to display the same areaVarious maps to display the same area  Which one do you like? Why? Contour, color, 3DContour, color, 3D  Key: The more technology we have incorporating information, the more skill that is required

Parts of a Map  Elements found on virtually all maps 1) Scale (distance)1) Scale (distance)  Should always be indicated or implied  Verbal, numeric or graphic form  On some maps, scale varies across the area 2) Orientation (direction)2) Orientation (direction)  True North – direction to the North Pole  Magnetic North – moves due to changing geophysical condition of the earth’s crust and core  Many maps have both  Key: Most maps made today are oriented towards the True North even though compass readings are angled to the Magnetic North 3) Legend3) Legend  Lists the symbols and what they mean  These must be precise  Key: Not all maps require legends – sometimes important information is captioned or placed directly on the map

The important thing here is to remember that a compass points not to true north (e.g. the north pole, the geographical northernmost point of the Earth) but to magnetic north (the magnetic north end of the Earth's 'bar magnet'). These two are not in the same position (indeed the position of magnetic north varies with time). The apparent position of magnetic north will vary according to your location in the world (most importantly your latitude) Magnetic north varies with place and time. “The National Geomagnetic Program of Geological Survey of Canada monitors the movement of the north magnetic pole and most recently determined its precise location in a 2001 survey. They've determined that the pole is moving at approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) each year.National Geomagnetic Program The north magnetic pole moves on a daily basis, too. Every day, there's an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from its average center point.”

Parts of a Map  Elements essential for context 4) Title4) Title  Wording, letter size, placement 5) Projection5) Projection 6) Cartographer6) Cartographer  Who made the map 7) Date of production7) Date of production  When it was made / this gives validity in some cases (think accuracy)

Parts of a Map  Elements used selectively to increase map effectiveness: 8) Neatlines8) Neatlines  Border / frame 9) Locator maps9) Locator maps  Maps that are used to place the larger map in context Map of New Brunswick may have a large Canadian mapMap of New Brunswick may have a large Canadian map 10) Inset Maps10) Inset Maps  Close up of an area of the map

Activity 1  Choose a map.  Complete Activity 1 by filling in the blanks with related information. Did you find all of the expected elements?Did you find all of the expected elements? If not, which information was missing?If not, which information was missing? Why is this information missing?Why is this information missing?  Choose a second map (different) and repeat.

 Look at the list of features you originally identified in your maps?  What is different about this list and Activity 1 features?