Active Parasite Detection2011 Introduction Enumerator and CHW Training November 2011

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - CDC Swiss Tropical Institute Johns Hopkins University The World Bank The Global Fund against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine MACRO International Malaria Consortium Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) – PATH Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium Secretariat MEASURE Evaluation WHO WHO-AFRO Tulane University UNICEF USAID/PMI

Active Parasite Detection

 Small handheld computer  Objective: replace paper for data collection  Benefit: ◦ Saves time on data entry and data management ◦ Improves quality

Stylus SD Card (memory card) Touch screen Reset button (on bottom) Light Indicators Direct access buttons Power Button

 Automatically creates a copy of the database on the SD card in case of problem with the PDA

 Charger is provided  Recommendations: ◦ Charge the PDA when not in use ◦ Charge the PDA at the end of each day ◦ Charge when PDA battery level is less than 20%  Avoid running out of battery  Power button indicator: ◦ Red when charging ◦ Green when charging is complete

 If PDA malfunctions or freezes you may need to reset the PDA  The Reset button is on the bottom of the PDA  Use the stylus to press the reset button  Data loss: ◦ You will not lose data that was saved. ◦ You will need to return to the place where you stopped. ◦ You may need to re-enter the data from the screen that was working on when it froze. Microphone Reset button

 Select Buttons: Tap screen with the stylus  Select text: ◦ Double "tap“ ◦ Tap and hold to Drag the text with the stylus ◦ Scroll Bars

 Built in screen keyboard for text entry  Auto-suggest words as you are writing  Has numbers and symbols  Use Shift or CAP-Lock to get capital letters Activate/Deactivate Keyboard Special Characters Number Keypad

 Screen brightness affects battery use

 PDAs are fragile  Do not hit, shake, or drop  Protect it from dust or water  Only use the stylus to touch the screen  Do not expose to direct sunlight, extreme heat or extreme cold  Do not force the charger  Keep in a safe place

 PLEASE DO NOT SWAP PDAs WITH ANOTHER PERSON/GROUP

 Latitude defines position in a north-south direction relative to the equator  Longitude defines position in an east-west direction relative to the Prime Meridian as its starting point.

Potential for Errors:  Unavoidable errors include those caused by atmospheric conditions that bend and delay the signal from the satellites.  Errors can also arise from multi-path interference that happens when signals bounce off of tall buildings, mountains or other objects.  The greatest source of error is a factor of the positions of the satellites in the sky. The ideal condition is that the satellites are evenly distributed throughout the sky.  Positional Dilution of Precision or PDOP refers to the spread of satellites in the sky and can be quantified by a number. Larger numbers represent larger errors

How GPS Works: Once a GPS unit receives a signal from 4 satellites, it can use that signal to calculate a location in X (longitude), Y (latitude), and Z (elevation). The satellites’ signals include time information, which the GPS unit uses to calculate distances. The GPS unit then finds its location using principles of geometry.

GPS for sampling (or other purposes)

Sampling a Village with PDA/GPS Map all the households (HH) in a village Tell the program how many HHs to sample from the village Use built-in navigation program to return to selected HHs (Not my picture, but I don’t know the source)

PDA-GPS Mapping System A Typical Field Day: 1. Collect: Map households in a village 2. Send/Receive: Transfer data to obtain a complete listing of households 3. Select: simple random sample from all mapped households 4. Navigate: Return to selected households for interview

Collection Multiple people can split up and map one area GPS Sample

GPS Navigation Software (GPS Sample) GPS guides the interviewer back the selected HHs HH selection directly inserts selected HHs to survey module Lists HH ID’s with distance and compass direction /pointer Provides a map of HHs Can mark HH off list Can divide a list among team members

GPS Navigation Software (GPS Sample)

GPS Sample: Navigation Status Shows the current GPS coordinates and the quality of the GPS signal. no GPS unit connected GPS connected, no signal bad quality signals good GPS signal best possible signal Status

Navigation GPS compass guides the interviewer back the selected households Typically accurate within meter radius Lists households ID’s with distance and compass direction /pointer GPS Sample: Navigation Horizontal Dilution of Precision Measure of quality of signal Smaller is better

GPS Sample: Navigation Distance to Household As bird flies Village Name Household Name or description House number Selection Indicator

GPS Sample: Navigation Navigation Can mark household as processed - Removes item from the list Connects directly to Questionnaire

GPS Sample: Navigation Distance to Household As bird flies Village Name Household Name or description House number Selection Indicator

GPS Sample: Navigation Blue dot indicates relative location of the selected house Direction you are headed: example NorthWest Technique: Turn yourself in the direction of the blue dot (example left), until the blue dot is at the top of the PDA compass. Then, you are headed in the same direction as the selected household Top of PDA compass

GPS Sample: Navigation Why is my compass needle “jumping” around? Standard compasses are based on magnetic north and will always point in the same direction. GPS compass needles are based on satellite signals. In order to determine bearing (the direction you are heading) it looks at the change in position of consecutive lon/lat measurements. Therefore, you have to be moving.

MAP Red Arrow = “You are here” Red Square = highlighted household Other blue (*)= other households in sample GPS Sample: How it works with the MIS

GPS Sample: How it works with the APD