THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHAPTER 9 1700 - 1900

Industrialism Begins Industrialism New economic system Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages Began urbanization Began in the “textile” industry Woven cloth

Section I: The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Begins in the mid 1700s New Ways of Working The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

The Beginnings of Industrialization Rotating Crops Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

Selective Breeding

Why did the IR begin in Britain? Britain had all of the factors of production Land, labor, and capital Britain had the necessary natural resources Coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy encouraged development

Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry Flying Shuttle (1733) John Kay Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) Spinning Jenny (1764) James Hargreaves One spinner could work eight thread at a time

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) Water Frame (1769) Richard Arkwright Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) Power Loom (1787) Edmund Cartwright Sped up the weaving process

Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry (cont) Cotton Gin (1793) Eli Whitney Multiplied the amount of cotton produced Development of Factories Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney

The First Factories

Improvements in Transportation Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power Steam becomes important source of energy James Watt improves the steam engine Water Transportation First steamboat “Clermont” Robert Fulton in 1807 Road Transportation British roads are improved Companies operate toll roads Beginning of the railroad

James Watt and the Steam Engine

Robert Fulton and the Clermont

The Railway Age Begins Railroad Revolutionize Life The Railroad System Spurs industrial growth Creates jobs Provides cheaper transportation Boosts many industries Causes people move to cities

The Railway Age Begins First Railroad Line George Stephenson (1825) Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829) Used Stephenson’s “Rocket” World’s best locomotive

II. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work Pays more than farms Spurs the demand for more expensive goods Rise of Industrial Cities Urbanization – movement of people to city Population growth provides work force, markets for goods Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

The Working Class Living Conditions Rapid Urbanization caused: Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection Urban slums Disease and sickness spread quickly Life span is only 17 years Lack of sanitary & building codes

The Working Class Working Conditions Average workday – 14-16 hours 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories Numerous injuries and death No health insurance No labor laws Eventually replaced by machines Huge population means large unemployment

The Rise of the Middle Class Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals Had a comfortable standard of living Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits Creates jobs Enriches nation Encourages technological progress Education expands Cheaper goods, including clothing Long Term Effects Improved standard of living Improved working conditions Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

III. Industrialization Spreads The Rise of Corporations Stock Limited ownership rights for company Sold to raise money Corporation Company owned by stockholders Share profits not debts Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

The Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality Wealth gap between nations widens Europe & US gain economic power Non-industrialized nations fall further behind African and Asian countries lag Still based on agriculture Imperialism spreads Need for raw materials and new markets European nations & US exploit colonies for resources Transformation of Society The Middle Class gains influence and power Begins calls for reform

IV. Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-faire Economics Policy of not interfering with business “The Wealth of Nations” Published by Adam Smith Defended free markets & laissez-faire Economic liberty guarantees economic progress Economic natural laws Self-interest Competition Supply and Demand

The Economists of Capitalism System of privately owned businesses seeking profits Malthus and Ricardo Thomas Malthus Believed populations grew faster than the food supply Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result David Ricardo Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

Malthus Ricardo

Utilitarianism and Utopia Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham) Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill) Utopian Society Established by Robert Owen Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing Located in New Harmony, Indiana

The Rise of Socialism Socialism Power of the Government Factors of production owned by, operated for the people Power of the Government Government control can end Poverty Bring equality

Radical Socialism – Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Fundamental Beliefs Society divided into warring classes The “haves” vs. the “have-nots” The “haves” Employers or bourgeoisie The “have-nots” The workers or proletariat Prediction The workers will overthrow the owners

The Future According to Marx Capitalism will destroy itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt This would lead to communism Society where people own and share the means of production What are the “means of production”? Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

Labor Unions and Reform Laws What is a union? Association formed by laborers to work for change What do they do? Negotiate for better wages and conditions Who were the first to do this? Skilled workers are the first to unionize How were they able to do this? Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

Labor Unions and Reform Laws Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization Examples of reform laws Maximum workday Ending or limiting of child labor

The Reform Movement Spreads Abolition of Slavery Reformers help to end slavery In British Empire (1833) The Americas (1888) Fight for Women’s Rights Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848 Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)

Other Reforms Free public education Prison reform also sought Established in Europe by late 1800s Established in US by 1850s Prison reform also sought Focus on rehabilitation

Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier Thomas Edison Granted over 1,000 patents from his research Including the light bulb

Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont) Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone (1876)

Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier Guglielmo Marconi Invented the radio (1895)

Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier Karl Benz Invented the automobile in 1885 Henry Ford Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line

Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier The Wright Brothers Develop the first working airplane

Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Medicine Medical research leads to Development of vaccines Improvement in sanitation Louis Pasteur Discovered the bacteria cause disease Joseph Lister Links bacteria to surgical problems Begins the sterilization process of tools

Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science Beginning of numerous branches: Archeology study of society through material remains Sociology study of people and societies Anthropology study of the origin, the behavior, and development of humans Psychology study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors

Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Gradually over time species evolve Gregor Mendel Discovers patterns to inherited traits Begins the science of genetics

Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science (cont) John Dalton Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms Dmitri Mendeleev Creates Periodic Table of the Elements Marie and Pierre Curie Discover radioactivity Marie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Science)

Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science (cont) Ivan Pavlov Human actions are unconscious reactions Sigmund Freud Studied the unconscious mind

Ivan Pavlov

Nineteenth Century Progress Development of Mass Culture 1800s saw the creation of Movie Theaters Professional Sports Boxing Baseball

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