Industrial Revolution

The Agrarian Revolution In 1750, most people still worked in small villages and made their own clothing and tools In the century that followed, dramatic changes took place in the ways people lived and worked

The Agrarian Revolution Change in the methods of farming Technology – Dutch built levees and developed better fertilizers – British discovered ways to produce more food – Seed drill sped up planting process

Agrarian Revolution Enclosure Movement – Landowners found a new purpose for enclosure, taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers – The purpose of the enclosure movement was to replace the many small strip farms with larger fields – What impact does this movement have on farming?

Agrarian Revolution Population Explosion – The Agrarian Revolution led to rapid population growth – With a better diet, women had healthier and stronger babies – Improved medical care and sanitation helped people live longer – During the 1700s, Europe’s population increased from 120 million to about 190 million

The Industrial Revolution – In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain Geography Great Britain had plenty of iron ore and coal needed for Industrialization As an island, Great Britain had many natural harbors for trade and was protected from invasion Rivers served both as a means of transportation and as a source of power for factories Growth in population due to Agrarian Revolution led to more available workers Because of the enclosure movement, fewer farmers were needed People moved to the cities where they could work in factories Population Growth and Change The British overseas empire had made the economy strong The middle class had the capital to invest in mines, railroads, and factories and the commercial and financial skills to manage investment Capital for Investment Great Britain had experienced an energy revolution In the 1700s, giant water wheels were used to power new machines Coal was used to power steam engines, which would become an important power source for machines Energy and Technology

Industrial Revolution Essay Practice Theme: The Industrial Revolution was a major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. Prior to its start, there were many factors that led to industrialization in Great Britain. Task: Using the notes and your knowledge of Social Studies, write a fully developed essay that discusses the circumstances surrounding the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. You must: Identify 2 major causes of the industrial revolution Explain how these 2 causes contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution

1.What do you notice geographically about Great Britain? 2.Where are most of the major cities located?

1.How does the size of the British Empire impact its ability to industrialize?

Industrial Revolution Factory System and Mass Production – The textile industry was the first to use the inventions of the Industrial Revolution – The first factories were created because the machines that spun cotton into thread were too big to keep at home – First located near rivers to use the water for power – Later, these machines were powered using steam engines – Factories promoted mass production, meaning that goods were produced in huge quantities at lower cost!mass production

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Laissez Faire Economics – Prior to the Industrial Revolution, governments predominately followed policy of Mercantilism Government, tariffs, favorable balance of trade – Laissez Faire Businesses should be allowed to operate free of government regulation Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations Capitalism became the prevailing economic system during the Industrial Revolution – Economy governed by the natural forces of supply and demand and competition among businesses

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Rise of Big Business – New technology meant the need for investment of large amount of money in businesses – Business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors – Allowed businesses to form corporations

Effects of the Industrial Revolution New Class Structure – Two classes in medieval Europe Nobles and peasants Later, a middle class – The Industrial Revolution added more complexity Upper class – very rich industrial and business families Upper middle class – high standard of living – Lawyers, doctors Lower middle class – teachers, office workers, shop-owners Poor class – factory workers and peasants – Faced harsh living and working conditions in overcrowded cities

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Urbanization – People moved from small villages to the towns and cities where factories were located – Lived in crowded buildings – Without sewage or sanitation systems, garbage rotted in the streets and disease spread

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Working Conditions – Men, women, children worked 12 to 16 hours a day – Mass production methods led to work that was boring – Many machines were dangerous

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Changing Social Roles – Farming and artisan families that worked at home now worked at factories – Middle-class men worked in business and government and their wives worked at home Middle-class children were most likely educated and had a high standard of living – Working-class Men, women, and children worked long hours Family life suffered as women worked twelve hour days and were still expected to maintain the home

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Improved Transportation – The growth of industry led to an improvement in transportation Roads and canals were built and improved The steam locomotive was invented and railroads grew Steam engines powered ships at sea

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Rising Standards of Living – Settlement patterns shifted over time (see map) – The rich vs. the poor – Over time, conditions in cities improved – People ate more varied diets and were healthier thanks to advances in medicine

Competing Philosophies Laissez Faire Capitalism – Thomas Malthus Argued that over-population could be addressed by poor people having fewer children Government should not be involved Social Darwinism – Darwin introduces his theory of evolution in 1859! – Later philosophers took Darwin’s ideas and applied it to business and society War Economics

Competing Philosophies Social Reformism – Socialists believed government should have direct involvement in economy and society Child labor regulations Labor unions Socialism – Concentrated less on interests of individuals and more on the interests of society Claimed that capitalism created divide between rich and poor Property would belong to all the people, not individuals

Socialism Utopian Socialism – Early socialists, called utopians, sought to create self-sufficient communities – Robert Owen establishes Scottish Utopian factory community

Socialism Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto

Socialism Marxist Socialism – History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class, or proletariat – In order to make profits, the middle class took advantage of the proletariat – The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared

Reform and Change Throughout the 1800s, reform movements sought to address the negative impact of the Industrial Revolution Labor Unions – Helped to protect the rights of workers – Engaged in collective bargaining – Negotiated for higher pay – Fought for better working conditions – Illegal from

British Reform Laws Direction of ReformLaws Enacted Toward Greater Human Rights 1884 – Slavery is outlawed in all British colonies Toward Universal Suffrage 1829 – Parliament gave Catholics the right to vote and to hold most public offices 1867 – Reform Act gave vote to many working-class men 1884 – Laws extended voting rights to most farmers and other men 1918 – women won the right to vote Toward More Rights for Workers 1825 – Trade Unions were legalized 1840s to 1910s – Parliament passed laws  Limiting child labor  Regulating work hours for women and children  Regulating safety conditions in factories and mines  Setting minimum wages  Providing for accident and unemployment insurance

British Reform Laws Direction of ReformLaws Enacted Toward Improved Education 1870 – Education Act set up local elementary schools run by elected school boards 1902 – Law created a system of state- aided secondary schools. Industrial cities, such as London and Manchester, set up public universities The Sadler Report Led to Factories Regulations Act Children under the age of 9 were not allowed to work in textile factories Limited working hours for children under 18

Education and the Arts Advances in Education – Government set up public schools and required basic education for all children – Basically the same system we have today Romanticism – From about 1750 to 1850, a movement known as romanticism thrived – Appealed to emotion rather than reason – Opposed to the ideals set forth by the Enlightenment Realism – An artistic movement – Examined the harsh side of life – Charles Dickens Critical of abuses of industrial society

Global Impact of Industrialization A Wave of Migrations – Improvements in transportation, population growth, and social and political conditions led to a wave of global migrations from about 1845 through the early 1900s People flocked from all over the world to the US for various reasons Movement toward Global Economy – By the mid-1800s the Industrial Revolution spread outside of Great Britain – Steamships, railroads, then airplanes and automobiles contribute to global trade network