Labor and Unions CHAPTER 8 SECTION 1: The U.S. Labor Force Holt Economics 4/20/2017 CHAPTER 8 Labor and Unions SECTION 1: The U.S. Labor Force SECTION 2: The Growth of Labor Unions SECTION 3: Unions and Management Chapter 8

Objectives: The U.S. Labor Force SECTION 1 What factors affect workers entering the labor force? How has the U.S. labor force changed over time? How does the U.S. government affect labor?

Factors affecting workers entering the labor force: SECTION 1 The U.S. Labor Force Factors affecting workers entering the labor force: wages skills working conditions location intrinsic rewards market trends

Changes in the U.S. labor force: SECTION 1 The U.S. Labor Force Changes in the U.S. labor force: more capital-intensive more gender-balanced better educated

Ways the U.S. government affects labor: SECTION 1 The U.S. Labor Force Ways the U.S. government affects labor: passing antidiscrimination laws passing minimum-wage laws

Objectives: The U.S. Labor Force SECTION 2 What is the history of the labor movement in the United States? How are labor unions organized? What are the main challenges facing unions today? How have government attitudes toward labor unions changed?

History of the U.S. labor movement: SECTION 2 The U.S. Labor Force History of the U.S. labor movement: mid- and late 1880s—formation of craft and industrial unions, such as the Knights of Labor, to battle poor working conditions, low wages, and unfair length of work days 1886— beginning of the modern period of the labor movement and the organization of the American Federation of Labor

History of the U.S. labor movement: (continued) SECTION 2 The U.S. Labor Force History of the U.S. labor movement: (continued) 1900—Knights of Labor no longer a significant force 1920s—internal struggles within labor unions and antiunion sentiment emerged 1930s—organization of Congress of Industrial Organizations to represent skilled and unskilled workers

Organization of labor unions: SECTION 2 The U.S. Labor Force Organization of labor unions: local unions—made up of people working for a particular company or in a particular area national unions—composed of local unions from around the country independent unions—unaffiliated with national unions

Challenges facing unions: SECTION 2 The U.S. Labor Force Challenges facing unions: employer opposition changes in employment patterns negative public opinion

Changes in government attitudes toward labor unions: SECTION 2 The U.S. Labor Force Changes in government attitudes toward labor unions: 1800s—favored business interests over labor unions early 1900s—favored labor unions and passed legislation protecting workers’ rights since 1940s—has favored management and passed laws limiting labor union power

Objectives: Unions and Management SECTION 3 What major issues are discussed in labor contract negotiations? How do unions and management reach a contract agreement? What negotiation tactics do unions and management use?

Major issues discussed in labor contract negotiations: SECTION 3 Unions and Management Major issues discussed in labor contract negotiations: wages and fringe benefits working conditions job security union security grievance procedures

Methods unions and management use to reach a contract agreement: SECTION 3 Unions and Management Methods unions and management use to reach a contract agreement: collective bargaining mediation arbitration

Negotiation tactics Unions and Management SECTION 3 Unions: picketing boycotting coordinated campaigning Management: hiring replacement workers using lock-outs requesting injunctions

CHAPTER 8 Wrap-Up 1. Explain how supply and demand affect the labor force. 2. How has the composition of the U.S. labor force changed since the 1800s? 3. Why did workers in the 1800s and early 1900s begin to organize? 4. Describe how government attitudes toward labor unions have changed over time.

CHAPTER 8 Wrap-Up 5. What major issues generally are addressed during labor-contract negotiations? 6. What tactics might a labor union use during contract negotiations? What tactics might management use?