The Anglo-Saxons 499-1066 Period 2B

Early history

A World Heritage Site (WHS) STONEHENGE A World Heritage Site (WHS) Stonehenge is a world heritage site which means it is a natural or man-made site, area, or structure. Stonehenge covers 26.6 square kilometers or 6,500 acres. Before Stonehenge was built, Robin Hood’s ball causewayed enclosure was in the place of Stonehenge. It was 3000 B.C. when they started the work on Stonehenge. In 2500 B.C. was when the stone settings were in place. There was a structure next to Stonehenge that was called Woodhenge and that was in 2500 B.C. In 1700 B.C. axe carvings appeared on the stones. Antiquaries fought about how it was an ancient Roman Temple or that the druids built it. Recently, archeologist suggest that it was a place for healing, or a place for prehistoric peoples ancestors. Today, people have many different meanings for it. Either and icon of Britia, wonder of the world, a spiritual place, and/or a place of inspiration. “They do not like evidence like that, anything too definite because our first instinct is to find flaws and debunk. They want to be discussed and portrayed, but never proven. They want to be credited as the true makers of the pyramids and lifters of Stonehenge when it had much more to do with the gods who were then extant.” ― Thomm Quackenbush, Artificial Gods

Sela von App B2 The Ancient Celts The Celts first appeared in history in 500 BC There were 6 different Celtic languages. In the Celtic culture women were equal to men. The Celts gradually infiltrated Britain between 500 and 100 BC. The Celtic warriors would cut off the heads of their enemies and display them as trophies. In 900 BC Celtic migration began in Europe with many Celts landing in Scotland. In 600 BC the Celts settled in Iberia. The warriors of the Celts were large, tall men that wore bronze helmets into battle. In 475 BC the Celts defeated the Etruscans at the Ticino river. Today most Celtic culture lives in some parts of the British isles and in Ireland.

Started in Gaul, then to England, and Ireland Worshipped nature Druids Ancient magical faith Started in Gaul, then to England, and Ireland Worshipped nature Believed that everything in nature has a soul Based years and worship cycles off of movements of the sun and the moon. Passed down through folklore but survived in local customs and folk songs. Revived as the Neo-Pagan religion.

Roman Britain The birth of a civilization “Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres” –Julius Caesar The birth of a civilization Rome invades Britain in 55 BC The invasion brings Julius Caesar power and glory (Which eventually changes Rome from a republic to an empire) The Roman invasion brings civilization and culture to Britain. The new Britain had roads, culture, trade, and a unified language Britain becomes a united providence. Britain starts to flourish under Roman control. In 324 BC Emperor Constantine achieves full control, and makes Christianity the official religion- thus Britain as well In 410 AD, the Goths, under Alaric- sack Rome Britain gains independence from Rome around 410 AD 30 years later, without the support of Rome, Britain is struck by civil war and famine- and learning and culture begin to collapse

Britain Celtic Warrior Queen Boadicea Britain Celtic Warrior Queen Boadicea’s name has many different spellings such as; Boudica, Boadicea, Boadacaea, and Boudicca. Boadicea was married to Prasutagus. Together they led the Icenti Tribe. In 43 CE Romans invaded Britain and most Celtic tribes were forced to submit, but they let two Celtic kings including Prasutagus retain power. Boadicea was very helpful, being a main factor, in keeping Britain free. When Prasutagus, Boadicea’s husband, died, Boadicea was flogged and her daughters were raped. This chick led the “Boadicean Rebellion of 60/61 AD”. Boadicea once also led 100,000 British soldiers and took over Camulodunom. The Iceni or Eceni tribe, that Boadicea and her husband led, was a british tribe. Evidence has been found that the Iceni tribe wore heavy gold rings, and silver around their necks and shoulders. This tribe originated from East England, now known as Norfolk. “She was very tall, the glance of her eye most fierce; her voice harsh. A great mass of the reddest hair fell down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying”

The Early Celtic Nations

Alba (Scotland) Tribes of the north Alba was a Celtic tribe based society. Tribes in Alba were known as Picts. The Picts spoke a variation of Gaelic. They lived in homes built with stone. They were renowned for their silverwork and art. They often fought with other tribes in Britain, and at one point Picts were the most powerful nation in Britain. They worshipped Paegan gods, but Christianity took root around 800 AD. The northern tribes of Alba were responsible for driving out the Romans from the Hadrian Wall. “Despite being absorbed by the kingdom of the Scots in the ninth century, the Picts' impact is still alive today”- Tim Clarkson

Wales “Cymru AM byth (Wales forever)” ― Aeneas Middletonn Wales is one of the four parts of the United Kingdom. The Britons a Celtic tribe were the first to settle in Wales around 1000BC. The recorded history of Wales begins with the arrival of the Romans in 48AD In 784 Offa the King of Mercia built a dyke from sea to sea making a permanent boundary between the Welsh and English. National hero Owain Glyndwr starts his rebellion against King Henry IV to establish an independent Wales in 1400 In 1536, under two major Acts of Parliament Wales was formally united with England to share the same government structure. Om 1801 the first Census record, the population of Wales was 587,000 Noson Gyflaith is a Welsh tradition, families gather on Christmas Eve and make taffy or toffee together The national sport of Wales is Rugby. Hay-on-Wye in mid Wales is home to the world’s most famous literary and arts festival. “Cymru AM byth (Wales forever)” ― Aeneas Middletonn

“Ireland is where strange tales begin and happy endings are possible.” ~Charles Haughey~ Eire (Ireland) FACTS Ireland put Eire as the name for the countries stamps and coins. The word Eire is the Irish name for “island”. The first map recorded and drawn was in 150 AD by Ptolemy. The first settlers were the Celts, who settled in 300 AD. In 367 AD the Irish, Saxons, and the Picts attacked Britain. 432 AD- St. Patrick arrived in Eire to convert the Gaelic Kings to Christianity. King Brian Boru defeated the Danes in 1014 AD. Located in Western Europe- scale: its slightly larger than West Virginia. Symbols of the country: the harp, the Celtic Cross, and the green Shamrock. Consume a lot of beer, an average of 131.1 liters per person per year. Nick Goldsberry