Disorders

Schizophrenia A disorder that deals with cognition and emotion, perception, and motor functions. People are confused and have disordered thoughts and perceptions. They loose touch with reality, “lives life as an unreal dream.”

Schizophrenia cont. Many individuals have: ▫Delusions: false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence ▫Hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause ▫Disturbance of affect: the emotion may be inappropriate ▫Language may be sped up, so it just seems like a “word salad”

Developmental Disorders Disorders that have an early onset. They can be diagnosed as early as infancy. Disorders include Learning Disabilities, ADHD, Autism, and so on.

Autism qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: ▫marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction ▫failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level ▫a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest) ▫lack of social or emotional reciprocity qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following: ▫delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime) ▫in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others ▫stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language ▫lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level

Autism cont. restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following: ▫encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus ▫apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals ▫stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements) ▫persistent preoccupation with parts of objects Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play.

Asperger’s Syndrome Is a Autism Spectrum Disorder Impairment in communications skills Restrictive patterns of thought and behavior Do not withdraw from the world like Autism Obsession with a single topic There has been a link with developing depression, ADHD, OCD, or Schizophrenia Have trouble building and maintaining relationships

ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions) Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli Is often forgetful in daily activities

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(similar to ADD) The following are symptoms of Hyperactivity Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness) Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor” Often talks excessively

Intellectual Disability Formally known as Mental Retardation Severe cognitive impairment, that results in an IQ of less then 70. Severe adaptive behavior problems in social judgment and social understanding

Mood Disorders Occasional Depression is common, but if moods are intense and have a longer duration, it falls under a mood disorder. Major Depressive Disorder: Spend at least 2 weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious, fatigues, and agitated. Symptoms include: eating too much or too little, sleeping too much or too little, difficulty thinking and concentrating Not related to a death.

Bipolar Disorder Manic-Depression Mania is usually “Dig-Fast” ▫Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas, Activity increase, Sleep deficit, Talkativeness ▫ whttp:// w

Seasonal Affective Disorder Depression that occurs during the winter months. Research has claimed it is due to melatonin level being too high.

Suicide and Depression Read pages and answer the questions based on the graph on page 480.

Personality Disorders Personality is defined as “the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns (both overt and covert) across different situations and over time.” Our attitudes, thoughts, and feelings are all part of our personality.

Personality Disorders Cont. Unable to establish meaningful relationships, assume social responsibilities or adapt to their social environment. An individual with a a personality disorder displays an inflexible, long-lasting, and maladaptive way of dealing with the environment and other people

Diagnosing Four core features that characterize personality disorders: ▫Extreme and distorted thinking patterns ▫Problematic emotional response patterns ▫Impulse control problems ▫Significant interpersonal problems

Types of Personality Disorders Antisocial Often very charming Violates others’ rights Feels no remorse Avoident Highly self-conscious Extremely sensitive to criticism Stays away from social gatherings

Types of Personality Disorders Borderline Extremely impulsive Unstable personal relationships Wavering image of self Dependent Submissive Relies almost solely on others for care-taking

Types of Personality Disorder Histrionic Excessive emotional displays Highly attention-seeking Narcissistic Exaggerated sense of self- importance Lack of empathy Need for admiration

Types of Personality Disorders Obsessive Compulsive Has an intense interest in being orderly Having control Achieving perfections Paranoid Distrusts others Perceives others as having evil motives

Types of Personality Disorders Schizoid Pattern of detachment from social relationships Limited range of emotional expression Schizotypal Feels intense discomfort in close relationships Has distorted thinking eccentric behavior

Drug Addiction Drug addictions and alcoholism are covered under the DSM Psychological dependence is the use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it ▫Can be dependent to caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, and so on

Drug Addiction cont. The more the use, a person can have physiological addiction: in which the person’s body is so used to the drug, it is needed to be put in its normal state.

Drug Addiction cont. As a person uses the drug, they can build a tolerance: physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect. When people start stop using the drug, the often go through withdrawal

Alcoholism Most serious drug problem The more drinks, the psychological and physiological functions begin to shut down 4 stages of Disease Model of Alcohalism: ▫I: individual drinks and relaxations encourages more drinking ▫II: secret drinking occurs, blackouts, and memory loss ▫III: rationalization to justify drinking ▫IV: impaired thinking a compulsive drinking

Alcoholism cont. Can develop from environmental and genetic factors There are social affects ▫Can hinder someone to function socially or perform their normal duties. ▫Children of alcoholics experience high levels of stress, depression, anger, and other emotional stress

Treatments for Alcoholism Delirium treatments usually begin within 72 hours of last drink ▫Body tremors, delirium, hallucinations, anxiety, depression, loss of appetite, nausea, heavy sweating are a few symptoms Antabuse is a chemical that blocks the conversion of the chemicals found in alcohol. When taken, it makes the person violently ill when they drink.