Agricultural Innovation and World Population – 10,000 to 500 B.C.E. PopulationYearAgricultural Innovation 1–5 million10,000 B.C.E.Neolithic Revolution begins in Southwest Asia and other areas. Climate change resulted in longer dry seasons and the end of a 100,000-year ice age. Abundance of wild grains enabled hunter- gatherers to settle in villages. Domestication of dogs begins in Asia and North America B.C.E.The “founder crops” of agriculture appear: Wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax. LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Agricultural Innovation and World Population – 10,000 to 500 B.C.E. PopulationYearAgricultural Innovation 8–10 million8000 –Nomadic hunter-gatherers begin to grow 6000 B.C.E.food and domesticate animals: Rice in China, 7500 B.C.E. Squash in Mexico, 7000 B.C.E. Wheat in Mesopotamia, 8500 B.C.E. Cattle in SW Asia and India, 7000 B.C.E. Domestication of sheep, goats, and pigs begins in SW Asia. Irrigation systems introduced –Domestication of cattle begins in SW Asia, 6000 B.C.E.Pakistan, and India. FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Agricultural Innovation and World Population – 10,000 to 500 B.C.E. PopulationYearAgricultural Innovation 8–10 million6000 –A wooden plow, the “ard,” used in 3000 B.C.E.Mesopotamia and Egypt. Permanent villages established in the Fertile Crescent. Farming on the banks of the Nile River –Domestication begins of horses in Ukraine, 3000 B.C.E.donkeys in Egypt, and water buffalo in China. Corn (maize) production in Mexico. FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Agricultural Innovation and World Population – 10,000 to 500 B.C.E. Population Year Agricultural Innovation 14–20 million3000 B.C.E.Irrigation systems and dams built on the Nile River. Crop production increases trade and spread of agriculture. Potatoes domesticated in Peru B.C.E.Iron plow developed in China. 50 million1000 B.C.E.Manure used as fertilizer. Iron plows widely used in China and SW Asia. 100 million 500 B.C.E.“Mouldboard” plow with a V-shaped iron cutting wedge developed in China. LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

The Ard Plow FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

The Ard Plow in Use FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

World Population Growth Years World Elapsed YearPopulation ,000 B.C.E. 5–10 Million 10,000 1 C.E Million 1, Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion* Billion* Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base 1 Neolithic Revolution 2 Industrial Revolution FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

The Fertile Crescent FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 3 – THE NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION