Animal Reproduction and Development Reproduction Song

Animals reproductive by asexual and sexual methods: Asexual is the production of offspring with genes all from one individual, without the fusion of gametes. Sexual involves formation of gametes and fertilization, genetic variation Asexual Methods Include: Gemmules in Sponges Budding in Hydra Starfish Regeneration

Parthenogenesis: an unfertilized egg develops Honey bees: drones are males and are produced parthenogeneticly and female workers and queens form from fertilized eggs. Queen Worker (female) Drone (male)

Sexual Reproduction Hermaphroditism: individual has both male and female reproductive systems Earthworm

Fertilization can occur externally or internally Aquatic animals tend to be external Terrestrial animals tend to be internal Development can be external in the water, external on land, or internal. Oviparous: lay eggs, Amniotic eggs are terrestrial eggs Ovoviparous: live birth from eggs (some sharks and snakes) Viviparous: live placental birth

What are the adaptive values of each style off sexual animal reproduction? Number of Eggs: ? Parental Care: ? Habitat: ? Introduction to Reproduction System

VertebratesFertilizationDevelopmentParental Care Fish Amphibian Reptile Bird Mammal Complete the type of sexual reproduction typical of each group

Reproductive System of the Human Male Male Reproductive System video Male Reproductive System detailed video

The male reproductive system produces sperm cells and provides a mechanism for delivering them to the female's body. Identify the role of: Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Scrotum

Outline the functions of the male reproductive organs Vasectomy Surgery video

Hormonal control of the Testes

Development of Eggs and Sperm

Spermatogenesis Meiosis produces gametes in the seminiferous tubules.

Close up look at seminiferous tubules video

Seminiferous Tubules synthesize spermSperm cells Sperm Structures

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System video

OvaryFollicle

Oogenesis This is the state of the egg when fertilized

Stages of Development in the Ovary Ovarian Cycle video

Identify the stages of the cycle What happens in the ovary, uterus, and pituitary glands? Uterine Cycle video Menopause: cessation of cycle, ages 46-54, ovaries lose response to FSH & LH

Formation of the zygote and early post-fertilization events

Cleavage occurs over several days following fertilization. The zygote divides as it travels through the oviduct. By the time the cilia of the oviduct deliver the embryo to the uterus, the embryo is a ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium.

A blastocyst forms nearly a week after fertilization Four membranes protect and nourish the embryo, which consists of three tissue layers.

Nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the fetus and the mother within the placenta. The umbilical vein (red) carries oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the fetus. The umbilical arteries are blue, indicating that they carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products away from the fetus.

Placental circulation: materials are exchanged by diffusion, active transport, and selective absorption. Not by direct blood contact. Structure and function of the placenta video

5 weeks14 weeks20 weeks Human fetal development: Amniotic Sac Blood Incompatibility video

Hormonal induction of labor

Name the structures and its role in reproduction and metabolism

Name the phases and state of the organs. Name the hormones: Black: Red: Blue: Green:

Animal Development Preformation: shows infant in sperm from 1694 engraving “homunculus” Epigenesis: animal emerges gradually from the egg

Fertilization in Mammals Zona pellucida Changes that occur in the egg after fertilization video

Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller cells Rapid cell division without growth produces cells called blastomeres.

In both sea urchins and frogs first two cleavages are vertical. The third division is horizontal. The result is an eight-celled embryo with two tiers of four cells.

Continued cleavage produces the morula.

A blastocoel forms within the morula  blastula View the sea urchin development video on the CD

Gastrulation rearranges the blastula to form a three- layered embryo with a primitive gut Development after fertilization video

(triploblastic)

Organogenesis forms the organs from the three embryonic germ layers Organogenesis in a frog embryo View frog development video on CD

Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac within a shell or uterus The amniote embryo is an adaptation for reproduction in the terrestrial environment. Shelled eggs of reptiles and birds. Uterus of placental mammals.

Extraembryonic membranes in a chick Identify the membranes that provide supporting functions Protection from mechanical shock Gas exchange Disposal of uric acid Nutrient source

Extraembryonic membranes in a chick How extraembryonic membranes support chick video

The four extraembryonic membranes are the yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois. –Cells of the yolk sac digest yolk providing nutrients to the embryo. –The amnion encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled amniotic sac which protects the embryo from drying out. –The chorion cushions the embryo against mechanical shocks. –The allantois functions as a disposal sac for uric acid.

Chick embryo 54 hours old Most major organs have formed Formation of structures in embryo video

Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes

 Embryonic membranes – homologous with those of shelled eggs.  Chorion: completely surrounds the embryo and other embryonic membranes.  Amnion: encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled amniotic cavity.  Yolk sac: found below the developing embryo.  Develops from the hypoblast.  Site of early formation of blood cells which later migrate to the embryo.  Allantois: develops as an outpocketing of the embryo ’ s rudimentary gut.  Incorporated into the umbilical cord, where it forms blood vessels. Organogenesis begins with the formation of the neural tube, notochord, and somites.

Embryonic membranes – homologous with those of shelled eggs. Impact of Drugs and Chemicals on Fetal Development video

During labor, hormones stimulate the uterus to contract. The contractions push the baby out of the mother's body.

The Process of Birth