11/27/2012 Take a lime green slip, a notes sheet, and a picture sheet from the front table. Glue/tape/staple them into your journals according to the following instructions: The lime green slip must be first before the notes and the picture. The notes and the picture should be placed on pages that face each other.

Protein Synthesis

DNA vs.RNA Double-stranded Deoxyribose A,G, C, T Single stranded Ribose A, G, C, U

DNA vs.RNA

Nucleus The office The Boss never leaves

DNA – The Boss

mRNA – Ms. Rene Secretary She’s a foreigner

Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is the making of proteins, using the information that is found in DNA. Proteins are long chains of small molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using a different sequence of amino acids. Pieces of information in DNA are called genes.

Transcription: means write across Protein synthesis begins with the DNA molecule. The DNA of this gene will unzip like it does in replication. *The enzyme that separates the DNA strand at a specific gene is helicase. In protein synthesis, only one strand of the DNA will be used.

Transcription: means write across A single strand of mRNA forms and transcribes (copies) the genetic information from the DNA. This strand of RNA is called messenger RNA or mRNA. *The enzyme that connects and assembles the ribonucleotides is called RNA polymerase The DNA “zips” closed and remains in the nucleus. The mRNA will leave the nucleus and travel to a ribosome.

RNA which stands for RIBONUCLEIC ACID is single stranded, contains a ribose sugar, and has Uracil instead of Thymine.

Comparing RNA and DNA Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

T A G T C A T C A G G 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ A T C A G T A G T C C 5’ 3’ G T C A U AAAAAA TTTTT C C CCC GG G G GG UUUU 5’ DNA Helicase Touch the helicase!

T A G T C A T C A G G 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ A T C A G T A G T C C 5’ 3’ G T C A U AAAAA A TTTTT C C CCC GG G G GG UUUU 5’ Assemble your mRNA strand!! Hit Me when done!

T A G T C A T C A G G 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ A T C A G T A G T C C 5’ 3’ G T C A U AAAAAA TTTTT C C CCC GG G G GG UUUU 5’ RNA polymerase U C C C A A A G G U U

T A G T C A T C A G G 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ A T C A G T A G T C C 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’

Protein Synthesis- Part 1 Transcription From HHMI’s Biointeractive: DNA Animations/Transcription (basic) NAi_transcription_vo1.html

11/28/2012 Take out your notes from yesterday. On the green slip of paper, fill in the mRNA row using the original DNA strand. Remember: Ms. Rene cannot write “T”

Quick Review!

Where does TRNASCRIPTION take place?

Nucleus The office The Boss never leaves

Where do we get the information to make different types of proteins?

DNA – The Boss

Who delivers the message to the workers?

mRNA – Ms. Rene Secretary She’s a foreigner

Quick Quiz  What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds DNA?  What is the process where a secret message goes ACROSS the nuclear membrane?  What carries the sequence from the DNA out of the nucleus?  How many strands are copied on the original DNA molecule?  What happens to the DNA once the messenger detaches?

rRNA – Bobette the Ribosome She builds proteins one amino acid at a time

tRNA – Terry the Delivery Boy Terry brings Bobette whatever she needs

Translation CODON. The mRNA contains information in sets of three and each set of three codes for a specific amino acid. Each set of three is called a CODON. The mRNA molecule will attach to the ribosome found in the cell. Ribosomes are also made up of RNA. Ribosomal RNA is called rRNA. Where in the cell are ribosomes (rRNA) made?

Translation A molecule of transfer RNA or tRNA will carry in the proper amino acid. If the tRNA ANTICODON matches with the codon sequence, the tRNA will attach temporarily to the mRNA strand.

Translation After a 2nd tRNA molecule matches an mRNA codon, an amino acid will be deposited. tRNAs will continue to deposit amino acids when codons and anti-codons match. The bond created between 2 amino acids is called a peptide bond. The chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide or a protein

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ UU C Arginine A GG Serine A U C Valine AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ UU C Arginine A GG Serine A U C Valine AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ UU C Arginine A GG Serine A U C Valine AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ UU C Arginine A GG Serine Peptide bond A U C Valine AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ Arginine Peptide bond A U C Valine A GG Serine AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ Arginine A U C Valine Serine Peptide bond AA G Leucine

Ribosome 5’ 3’ A A A U U C C G G U C 5’ 3’ ArginineValine Serine ASVLGSAAV R AA G Leucine U

Quick Quiz  What is the process where the mRNA drops off the message to the ribosome?  What are the 3 types of RNA?  A sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA strand that codes for a specific amino acid is called a what?  What is the name of the bond that is formed between two amino acids?  How do amino acids get into the body in the first place?

DNA unwinds and unzips. Free RNA nucleotides attach to exposed bases. Bases combine to form mRNA strand. DNA reassembles. mRNA leaves the nucleus. The mRNA arrives at the ribosome. When the codon of the mRNA complements the anti-codon of the tRNA molecule, the tRNA places the amino acid attached in the position. tRNAs continue to deposit amino acids when codons and anticodons match. One by one amino acids are added to the growing chain until the ribosome has reached the STOP codon. Once the protein has been synthesized completely, it is removed from the ribosome for further processing and to perform its function. Proteins like insulin and lactase exit to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and shipped out of the cell.

Protein Synthesis- Part 2 Translation From HHMI’s Biointeractive: DNA Animations/Translation (basic) Ai_translation_vo1.html

11/29/2012 Please take the 2 worksheets from the front table, take out your transcription & translation worksheet from yesterday, and your protein synthesis notes.

Draw the flow chart in your journal, then fill it in using the following words: Amino acids, mRNA, mRNA codon, nucleus, nuclear pore, peptide bonds, ribosome, transcription, translation

DNA mRNA Transcription Translation Ribosome AUA UUG AAG AGC CAC GCUAAA GAGUGA AUA UUGAAG AGC CAC GCU AAAGAG UGA UAU AAC UUC UCGGUGCGAUUU CUC ACU

A-T C-G T-A A-U C-G

Insert practice here

Last Thought 11/28/11 Write the sequence for a segment of RNA that codes for the following chain of amino acids: valine – serine – proline – glycine – leucine Explain why your sequence is likely to be different than your partner’s.