Global Patterns of Species Richness Global Amphibian Diversity.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Adaptive radiation Divergence Different traits in closely related species Common Ancestral species many species adapted to different habitats.

Advertisements

OUR Ecological Footprint Recycle; pay tax for it. 2. Live near work; ride bike; minimize car use. 3. Buy energy-efficient furnace. 4. Programmable.

Ecology 14 Biogeography & Biodiversity Ralph Kirby.

Case Study: The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth

Island biogeography Island in the Bay of Fundy What controls the number of plant and animal species on this island? Does size matter? Isolation? Habitat.

Patterns in space Log area Log species number productivity # species Habitat variety # species Latitude # species mainland Log area Log species number.

Island Biogeography. Islands can serve almost as a laboratory for the study of biogeography. The biota of an island is simpler than that of a continental.

Island biogeography: lecture topics

CONSERVATON BIOLOGY Lecture07 – Spring 2015 Althoff - reference Chapters ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY.

Fall 2010 IB Workshop Series sponsored by IB academic advisors What can I do with a B.S. in IB? Thursday, Oct. 27 4:00-5:00pm 162 Noyes Lab Career Center.

Island Biogeograhy and Community Diversity. Islands differ in species number HawaiiA somewhat smaller island Much of this variation is explained solely.

Environmental Science 5e

Habitat Loss Orange County, California. Dingo Fence – The World’s Longest – New South Wales.

Island Biology & The equilibrium theory of island biogeography.

CHAPTER 53 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section D: Biogeographic Factors Affecting the Biodiversity.

Species Diversity. What do we mean by diversity? 1.Species Richness Count Species/area Species/number 2. Heterogeneity = Richness + evenness 3. Scales.

Island Biogeography. Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands.

Disturbance and Succession. Henry C. Cowles (center) about 1920.

Geographic Ecology On islands and habitat fragments on continents, species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation. Species richness.

Island Biogeography. o Colonization - arrival –float –fly –swim –be carried –wind (seeds, spores)

FIGURE 5-2 The storage effects hypothesis predicts that seeds are maintained in soil for long periods. Adult trees live to have many opportunities.

Community Structure II Ch. 22 III. Processes affecting diversity – large scale D. Equilibrium model of island biogeography 1. Effects of island size and.

Global Biodiversity. We examine biodiversity at several levels. It has evolutionary and ecological aspects.

Biodiversity. Are communities saturated? A closed system must balance the gains in energy from net production with those taken by consumers and decomposers.

OUR Ecological Footprint …. Ch 20 Community Ecology: Species Abundance + Diversity.

Principles of Conservation Biology BIOL Biodiversity.

Communities, Biomes, Ecosystems(Populations), & Biodiversity

1 Geographic Ecology Chapter 22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ECOLOGY “No man is an island entire of itself. Every man is a piece of a continent, a part of the main” -John Donne.

Biodiversity II: patterns of species diversity Bio 415/615.

Ecology The study of how living things interact with their environment.

Global Environments By Emily Burns.

CP Biology, Chapter 18 Biological Communities. Community Interactions Competition –Organisms that attempt to use the same resource Competitive exclusion.

1 Geographic Ecology Chapter Outline Introduction Island Area, Isolation, and Species Richness  Terrestrial  Aquatic Equilibrium Model of Island.

1 Geographic Ecology Chapter Outline Introduction Island Area, Isolation, and Species Richness  Terrestrial  Aquatic Equilibrium Model of.

Plant Ecology - Chapter 16

Lecture 13 Biodiversity I.What is Biological Diversity? II.Latitudinal and Altitudinal Gradients III.Geographic Controls on Diversity A.Historical Theories.

Island Biogeography. Mangrove islands off the Florida coast.

Island Biogeography. Krakatau – before and after 1883 eruption.

Chapter 8 Biogeography.

The Biosphere: An Introduction to Biomes. Earths Biomes Ecology Organization Population Community Ecosystem -scientific study of the interactions between.

Island Biogeography The relationship between land area and number of species.

OBJECTIVES Species Diversity at scales above local Regional effects on local SD Equilibrium theory + Island Biog. Theory Regional SD Latitudinal SD Continental.

How many species are there, globally? Range of estimates: 2 – 100 million Best estimate: 10 million 1.4 – 2 million species have a name. An estimated 97%

The Biosphere Chapter 49 We have talked about predation, competition and species interactions and how they affect the structure of populations, communities.

1 Geographic Ecology Chapter Outline Introduction Island Area, Isolation, and Species Richness  Terrestrial  Aquatic Equilibrium Model of.

Island Biogeography. Explore the relationships of I and E rates and S to island area and distance Observe the accumulation of sp on an island, and the.

Conservation Biology Biodiversity. Trophic Levels Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers.

Species Richness Chapter 10. Species Richness The number of species in a community Some species are common, others are rare Easy to count common species,

Chapter 14 April 18th, Island Biogeography Loss of dispensability, the development of gigantism or dwarfism, the loss of antipredator defensive.

Habitat Fragmentation. Many times, natural habitats show a “patchy” distribution. This affects the organisms that live there.

Regional diversity What factors operating at regional scales account for local patterns of species diversity? Dispersal Range expansion/contraction Movement.

BIODIVERSITY Source: orgs.unca.edu/tulula/images/biodiversity.jpg.

Habitat Loss Orange County, California. Desertification Desertification is the conversion of grassland and savanna habitat into relatively sparse, unproductive.

Island Biogeography. MacArthur and Wilson concluded: 1.Small islands have fewer species because equilibrium species number is set at a lower level.

Factors Contributing to Biodiversity. Biodiversity  Why are there more species in some places than others???

Biodiversity Gradients

WARM UP 1.Describe why a keystone species is important. 2.Give one example of a top-down keystone species and one example of a bottom-up keystone species.

Chapter 8 Biogeography. Why Were Introductions of New Species into Europe So Popular Long Ago? Biogeography: –The large scale geographic pattern in the.

Lecture 11: island biogeography hypothesis May 8, 2017

Island Biogeography.

Lecture 10: Island Biogeography Wed May 3, 2017

Island colonization and island biogeography

Disturbance and Succession

System Responses to Natural Disturbances.

Island Biogeography Theory

Environmental Science 5e

Bird species (left), mammals (right)

Island Biogeography.

Presentation transcript:

Global Patterns of Species Richness Global Amphibian Diversity

Wallace’s hypotheses for higher species diversity in the tropics: 1.Productivity 2.Spatial heterogeneity; morphological diversity 3.High average rarity – no monocultures 4.Climatic constancy – little seasonal variation 5.Geological age 6.Special adaptations required for “harsh” environments 7.Greater competitive “balance” in tropics 8.Alternating competitive advantages 9.All niches filled – saturation of community

Early Island Biogeography

Island Habitats in Baltic Sea

Reptile and Amphibian Species Area Curve for Caribbean Islands

Habitat Islands In the Great Basin Top – Birds, Bottom - Mammals

Species Richness related to Island Size and Island Isolation

Species-Area Curves for Islands S = cA z where: S = number of species A = area of island c = constant for habitat type - forest, desert, grassland z = slope of the curve - predicted to be 0.263, but actually varies with dispersal ability

Ant species On New Guinea and Nearby Islands An area of island will have fewer species than equal sized area of continent

The slope of the line plotted for species-area curve is larger for species with poor dispersal abilities Oceanic islands birds - New Guinea islands z=0.22 beetles - West Indiesz=0.34 land plants - Channel islandsz=0.37 Habitat islands birds - Andes paramoz=0.29 birds - mtns of Great Basinz=0.165 mammals - mtns of Great Basin z=0.326 inverts -caves in West Virginia z=0.72

Island Biogeography

Species Dispersal to Islands

Cape May Warbler on a Ship

Krakatoa pre-eruption Looking at Volcano Rakata

Krakatoa mid-eruption

Map of Krakatoa pre-eruption

Landsat Image of Anak Krakatau and Krakatau

Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands

Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

Results from Simberloff’s Experiment Islands recovered to pre-defaunation number of species, but only 30% of original species resident on each island returned after defaunation.

Bracken Fern

Bracken fern stand Australia

Number of species found on Bracken Fern

Professor Axel Meyer – Cichlid Man

Lake Malawi Cichlids Adaptive radiation within cichlid lineages