AS Economics and Business Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Unit 2b By Mrs Hilton for revisionstation.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed Economies of Scale.
Advertisements

Productive Efficiency
Economies of Scale. The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit (average) costs (cost per unit) AC = TC / Q Economies of scale.
AS Economics and Business How size affects market power Unit 2B By Mrs Hilton for revisionstation.
Theory of the Firm.
Costs  Costs of Production are the amounts paid by the producer to get the good or service ready for sale. These may include wages, rent, raw materials,
Economies of Scale Internal Economies of Scale – advantages that arise as a result of the growth of the firm External economies of scale – the advantages.
MICROECONOMICS TOPIC 3 Economics SUPPLY.
Production Capacity & Efficiency
GROWTH AND EVOLUTION Reasons why b.seek to grow: -they can benefit from economies of scale -larger market share=better marker power=may allow the b.to.
Economies of Scale Is Bigger Really Better?. Economies of Scale Economies of scale refers to the phenomena of decreased per unit cost as the number of.
EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Section 3 Putting a business idea into practice.
KEY WORDS: Economy of Scale ; cost per unit ; internal ; external Economies of Scale  This section is split into 4 sections ;  1. Internal economy of.
Economies of Scale As a firm increases its output, investment is required to support the growth leading to higher costs. Once the investment has been made.
Productivity and efficiency AS Economics and Business Unit 2b By Mrs Hilton for revisionstation.
IB Business and Management
Economies and diseconomies of scale
Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
Economies of Scale. The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit (average) costs (cost per unit) AC = TC / Q Economies of scale.
Economies of Scale 1 Lesson Objectives: by the end of this lesson you should understand: The LRAC curve and how it derived The reasons for Economies of.
T HE MOT AND V ENTURE B USINESS Prof. Takao Ito, Doctor of Economics, PH.D. of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University Thursday,
Economies and diseconomies of scale Lesson objectives: Students to learn how to… Apply the concepts of economies and diseconomies of scale.
Production and Efficiency. Content Specialisation Division of labour Exchange Production and productivity Economies of Scale Economic Efficiency.
Growth of Firms. Firms can grow internally by: By investing in more capital goods by borrowing more money, raising more funds from owners or by keeping.
Economies of Scale. Lesson Objectives Understand internal and external economies of scale.
IGCSE Economics 4.3 The Growth of Firms. Recap - Crossword Page 236 of the textbook What can you remember about the last topic? House point for the first.
Economies of Scale. The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit (average) costs (cost per unit) AC = TC / Q Economies of scale.
CHAPTER 5 COST OF PRODUCTION. PART 1: SHORT RUN PRODUCTION COST Chapter Summary Types of production cost in short run Apply the short run production cost.
Article: In the News at the Local Multiplex You own a movie theater. It’s a nice size. You are doing well and ready to expand. What is the advantage of.
The Nature of Operations. DO NOW Introducing the Topic Page 381 Answer the questions we will discuss shortly.
Operational Strategies Scale and Resources Mix
Learning Objectives -To understand the need for flexibility - to know the different methods of production used by businesses. LEARNING OUTCOME -Define.
Theory of the Firm : Revenue and Cost Functions Foundation Microeconomics Part 1 of 3.
Unit 4.1 What Are The Key Decisions That Businesses Make?
IGCSE®/O Level Economics
Operational Strategies - Scale & Resource Mix Operational Strategies - Scale & Resource Mix How do companies choose the right ‘scale’ of production?
4.2.2 Economies & Diseconomies of Scale
ECONOMIES OF SCALE. REVIEW OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
Eeeeeeeee fo. Terms Average cost – Average cost we take as average total cost per unit = fixed cost plus variable cost divided by output Economies of.
Long-Run Costs and Economies of Scale Module 56. Behind the Supply Curve.
Economies of Scale As a business grows it can benefit form economies of scale. This means the unit cost falls as a company produces more. Units ProducedTotal.
Productivity and Efficiency
Economies of Scale To be able to define economies of scale. (E) To be able to identify relevant economies of scale for a business. (C) To be able to evaluate.
Economies of Scale Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar AYAN. Economies of Scale The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit (average) costs.
Scale and resource mix Learning Objectives Understand what is meant by productive efficiency Learning Outcomes  Describe the issues involved in choosing.
Productive Efficiency. Average Costs Cost Of Production Output ATC Q1 Productive efficiency is achieved where the firm's output is produced at the lowest.
Level 2 Business Studies AS90843 Demonstrate understanding of the internal operations of a large business.
BEC 30325: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Economies of Scale.
Economies of Scale.
Economies of Scale.
Purchasing economies The greater the quantities bought of raw materials and other supplies, the lower the average cost Large buyers are able to negotiate.
Total and Average Costs
4.3 Increasing efficiency and productivity
Economies of Scale.
Objectives of Growth 3.2 Business growth.
Theory of the Firm.
Economies of Scale - Benefits of large scale production that result in falling long run average cost.
Economic Analysis for Managers (ECO 501) Fall: 2012 Semester
What is economies of scale?
Business organization and behavior
Economies of Scale.
BEC 30325: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Business Economics (ECO 341) Lecture 6
ECONOMIES AND DISECONOMIES OF SCALE
BEC 30325: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Economies Scale Of Production
Economies of Scale.
Economies of Scale Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar AYAN
Presentation transcript:

AS Economics and Business Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Unit 2b By Mrs Hilton for revisionstation

Lesson Objectives To be able to discuss economies and diseconomies of scale To be able to discuss average costs To be able to discuss minimum efficient scale

Starter Did you ever buy lots of something because it was cheaper in bulk?

Economies of Scale The idea that as a business grows in size it will be able to gain competitive advantage in a number of ways: – By having more funds to buy stock, so being able to get better deals by buying in bulk – By having more power – By having more funds to pay for specialist staff – By having a better reputation so banks are more willing to lend We call this economies of scale

Give me the theory then.. Economies of scale (can we say EOS for short) occur when unit costs or average costs fall as a result as an increase in the level of output of the business. The more they make the cheaper it gets per item. ANY Eos question should be about how getting bigger means a firm can lower its average costs. They are like shoes – you need both to be comfortable.

Video on economies of scale

Why is EOS a good thing then? Can lead to: – Higher profit margins (as it costs less per item to make your product, you will have more profit in your pocket). – More funds for investment or even for giving shareholders higher dividends – means it will be easier to attract investment in the future

EOS categories

Bulk-buying / purchasing economies As businesses grow they need to order larger quantities of production inputs. As the order value increases, a business obtains more bargaining power with suppliers. It may be able to obtain discounts and lower prices for the raw materials.

Technical economies of scale Businesses with large-scale production can use more advanced machinery (or use existing machinery more efficiently). This may include using mass production techniques, which are a more efficient form of production. Fixed costs of purchasing machinery spread over higher levels of output. A larger firm can also afford to invest more in research and development.

Specialisation / managerial Greater potential for managers to specialise in particular tasks E.g. Employing a full time accountant In small firms the owners have to make lots of decisions, some he/she have little knowledge of. And so quality of decision making could be better in a larger firm.

Financial economies of scale Small businesses find it hard to obtain finance or the cost of the finance is often quite high. Small businesses are perceived as being riskier than larger businesses that have developed a good track record. Larger firms therefore find it easier to find potential lenders and to raise money at lower interest rates.

Marketing economies of scale Every part of marketing has a cost. As a business gets larger, it is able to spread the cost of marketing over a wider range of products and sales – cutting the average marketing cost per unit.

Risk bearing Bigger companies can spread their risk by investing in more products and more markets This is called diversification

Overview Type of Economies of ScaleExplanation Financial Economies of Scale Large firms can benefit from cheaper loans and wider sources of cheap finance (investment from shareholders) Marketing Economies of Scale The advantages that large firms get in relation to buying and selling. Large firms can attract specialist buyers who don’t waste money buying stock that will not sell. They also have specialist sellers/marketing staff who ensure that goods will sell. Big firms benefit significantly from being able to “buy in bulk” Technical Economies of Scale These are the advantages that large firms have when it comes to the production process. Large firms can employ specialist labour and capital which stimulates productivity and reduces average costs Managerial Economies of Scale Large firms have the money/resources to attract the most productive/efficient/specialist managers who make the most effective business decisions and increase efficiency over time Risk- Bearing Economies of Scale Large firms benefit from having wider, more diversified product range. This means that they are better able to withstand the risk of a fall in demand for one good or service

Diseconomies of scale (DEOS)

Video on diseconomies of scale

Give me more theory then As the level of output of a firm increases the costs increase (DEOS) or oh no a graph This is an average cost curve. You don’t have to draw it but it may help you understand DEOS

Categories of DEOS

Lack of motivation Workers in large companies may feel demotivated – with little say in their working life This can lead to powerlessness and alienation Means increased absenteeism and lateness – Reduction in productivity – Lower output per worker – Means increased unit costs

Lack of communication As the size of the workforce increases there will be less face-to-face communication Takes a long time for messages to get through as there are many layers of management Less effective communication – Means mistakes made – Means more wastage – Therefore higher average unit costs

Lack of co-ordination As a company grows and takes on new staff, makes new products buys new premises all of this needs to be coordinated All resources need to be controlled so that operations can run smoothly Workers may need monitoring which can add to costs May need more managers which increases average cost per unit

Minimum efficient scale This is the most efficient point of production Bottom of the average cost curve

Sample question 1 The ability of a business such as housebuilder Barratt Homes to use its larger size to negotiate better terms with its suppliers of raw materials is an example of A diseconomies of scale. B technical economies of scale. C marketing economies of scale. D purchasing economies of scale.

Answer question 1 Answer D Purchasing economies of scale Economies of scale occur when the average cost per unit falls as output increases (1 mark) Purchasing economies occur when businesses are buying large enough quantities to be charged a lower price per unit (1 mark) either because unit supplier costs are reduced (1 mark) or because the buyer has market power/monopsony power (1 mark).e.g. cheaper bricks for Barratt Homes (1 mark). Marketing economies are when larger firms can advertise using national media and therefore spread the fixed costs across more units so reducing average cost. (1 mark). Technical economies arise when larger and more efficient capital items can be used because their high costs can be spread across a larger quantity of output (1 mark). Diseconomies of scale are increases in unit cost that occur as a business grows larger, often associated with communication issues (1 mark)

Revision Video