Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-waste Recycling in India: Bridging the Gap between the Informal & Formal sector International Solid Waste Association World congress 2010, Hamburg, Germany November 2010 Dr. Raghupathy, L. (GTZ-MAIT) Mrs Krüger, C. (Adelphi) et al

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Agenda  Background & existing System  Informal Recycling Sector  Formal Recycling Sector  Integration of Informal-Formal Recycling  Exemplary Project Activities  Sustainability

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-waste generation in India: 2007 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Estimated e-waste generation/year: 382,979 MT Imports: 50,000 MT E-waste processed Only 19,000 MT : E-waste available for recycling & refurbishing: 144,143 MT Source: MAIT-GTZ study 2007

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Policy & Regulatory Framework National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006  Encourages recycling and reuse; requires environmentally safe disposal of residues  Gives legal recognition to and strengthen the informal sector E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 (Draft)  Draft published in May 2010 under the E(P) Act, 1986;  Will be enforced from  Authorisation and registration of e-waste managing companies  Impose Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)  Mandate for financing and organizing a e-waste system  Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) mandatory E-waste Guidelines  Guidelines published in 2008  Guidelines required to specify framework; effective participation and adequate investments by responsible actors needed.

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Key stakeholders in e-waste MGT  Industry-manufacturers, Producers  Product supply chain Links  Corporate/Bulk Users  Recyclers – Informal & Formal  Government & Regulatory Agencies  Municipalities  Industry Associations  Research Institutions & Experts  General Public/Consumers/Users  NGOs  Financial Institutions

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-waste recycling-informal sector According to MAIT-GTZ study, % of the e-waste recycling in India takes place in the Informal sector  Informal sector widespread  Have active and efficient network  Labour intensive - cheap labour, child labour  Manual dismantling no machines required  Material recovery by crude methods  Operations in small congested unsafe areas  No personal protection equipments used  Occupational health & safety neglected  Adverse impact on environment and health

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Dismantling e-waste (manual) Informal sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Copper extraction Using Acids Burning PCBs/wires Informal sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-Waste and the Informal Sector Precious metal recovery

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Hazardous work environment Informal sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-waste recycling-formal sector Present scenario  E-waste recycling units essentially dismantle, segregate, shred  Send sorted/shredded e-waste to refineries and units in the developed nations for metal extraction recovery  Few formal recyclers are setting up end to end recycling units in India and one such unit is in operation Changing scenario  Formal Recycling units being set up in India which are like any other industrial operation  Formal recyclers are responsible for environmental compliance seeking authorizations and permissions  E-waste recycling in the formal sector are committed to corporate social responsibility (CSR)  Formal recyclers responsible for ESM and use of EST

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level E-waste dismantling & shredding (mechanical) Formal sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Copper extraction & recovery Electrolytic process Formal sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Integration of informal & formal – model for e- waste management The model for e-waste management in India ideally requires integration of the activities between the informal and formal sectors and bring them into the mainstream of e-waste recycling activity. Steps involved in Integration  Agreements/MOU between the stakeholders  Maintain entrepreneurship  Specify activities for informal sector  Identify activities for formal sector  Dovetail activities of informal & formal  Establish linkages and support systems  Formation of associations

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Current Scenario – Informal Sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Current Scenario – Formal Sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Intervention Scenario - I

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Intervention Scenario - II

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Proposed future scenario Formal Sector Informal Sector

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Integration process Activities for the informal sector to be harnessed and integrated with the formal recyclers for effective e-waste recycling E-waste Collection  Skills of informal sector to be tapped for collection and sourcing of material  Contracts with large corporations and business enterprises for channelization of e-waste  Set up authorized collectors/collection centres  Financing mechanisms for collection, transportation and storage/other infrastructure Segregation and Dismantling  Evolving & adhering to standards and benchmarks  Efficiency in dismantling & segregation (manual-mech combo)  Storage and transportation infrastructure to be provided  Training and awareness in process & efficiency - skill development  Practice using personal protection equipments

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level The model Expected Outcomes: Ideal system in place  Dovetailing the informal sector with the main stream recycling units  Informal sector to be the feeder system for formal recycling industries  Informal sector to carry out dismantling activities in a controlled manner  All dismantling operations to be environmentally sound and safe for health of workers  Rational between manual and mechanical operation  Operational standards to be prescribed  Establishment of monitoring mechanism for all stages  Economically Viable options for financing

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level  Focuses on e-waste recycling activities in four pilot cities Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkota and Pune  Supports professionalization of informal sector  Involves manufacturers of IT and Communication equipments in India  Enhances links between formal & informal sector  Motivates large Generators of WEEE to adopt adequate waste policy and practices Current GTZ / EU project (1/ /2013):

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level EU – SWITCH ASIA Project Title: Establishing E-waste Channels to Enhance Environment Friendly Recycling Locations: Bangalore, Delhi, Kolkata and Pune Duration: January 2010 – December 2013 Partners: –GTZ – Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) (applicant) –Toxics Link –Manufacturers’ Association of Information Technology (MAIT) –Adelphi Research Establishing E-Waste Channels to Enhance Environment Friendly Recycling

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level  Informal sector associations collect and manage fraction of e-waste generated in 4 selected cities in an environment friendly manner.  Cooperation models are established between the formal and the informal sector.  Resource utilization is increased due to better collection and channelization of e-waste.  Capacity for environmentally sound e-waste recycling among the workers in the informal sector is improved  Technological improvements in the informal recycling sector are achieved.  Large corporations and relevant stakeholders implement the recommendations of the E- Waste Guidelines of the GOI. Expected Results (1/2)

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Sustainability Sustainability of the model will depend upon the efficiency of the operations in the system and commitment of each stakeholder  Policies to consider the entire recycling chain from waste pickers to end to end processors  All stakeholders in the value chain including the informal and formal sector to be involved in the planning process  Waste pickers and recyclers need to be organized formally in order to avail the benefits of policy makeovers  Informal sector to be authorized for collection and dismantling operations  Formal sector to be responsible for recycling and recovery operations  Dovetailing INFORMAL–FORMAL- most effective system

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Results 1/2 MetalPrimary Mining*Secondary Mining* Steel2,040,87 Aluminium10,21,12 Copper3,40,37 Nickel19,531,87 Lead3,23,02 Gold ,86 Silver14410,96 Palladium ,68 Emissions in t of CO2 from production of 1 t of metal *Data above is based on secondary literature source by experts in the field (Hagelüken, Chancerel, Meskers, Rochat, Gmünder, Keller)

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Recycling & Carbon foot prints Comparison of the scenarios of Primary Mining & Metallurgy and Recycling clearly indicates that the Secondary production of metal is less carbon intensive than primary production Recycling scenarios: manual, mechanical or a combination of both; manual dismantling of e-scrap requires less energy than the mechanical process Manual dismantling and segregation may increase the efficiency in recycling for metal recovery as higher metal shares can be found in the output fractions

Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles –Second level Third level –Fourth level »Fifth level Thank you very much for your kind attention! Any questions & comments? Contact Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy Christine Krüger