Despite adjustments to the Wernicke-Lichtheim model, there remained disorders which could not be explained. Later models (e.g., Heilman’s) have included cognitive components that govern: Intentional speech Systems Object recognition units (object naming) Multiple links to Semantic Conceptual Areas.

Broca’s Aphasia Damage to more than Broca’s area Non-fluent speech Difficulty with repetition Motor speech problems (apraxia)  the person knows what he or she wants to say, yet has difficulty communicating it to others. Broca’s area seems to play a major role in the planning and control of speech behavior

Telegraphic Speech consisting of simple three or more word sentences usually comprising at least one noun and verb that adhere to the grammatical standards . Similar to developing speech in children.

Wernicke’s Aphasia Language Comprehension impaired - poor naming and repetition - speech is fluent but meaningless rarely correct errors, seem unaware of errors (anosognosia)

Conduction Aphasia Comprehension and production are relatively intact. capable of understanding what they are hearing but they will have difficulty repeating. display frequent errors during spontaneous speech, such as substituting or transposing sounds. Are aware of their errors, and will show significant difficulty correcting them.

Global Aphasia Both Comprehension and production impaired. most severe type of aphasia. often seen right after someone has a stroke. person is unable to read or write. Generally involves widespread left hemisphere damage

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Impaired comprehension but intact repetition mandatory repetition (echolalia) Mixed Transcortical Aphasia (Isolation Aphasia) Repetition without comprehension. No voluntary language use.

Anomic Aphasia Problems recalling words, names, and numbers. often use circumlocutions (speaking in a roundabout way) in order to avoid a name they cannot recall or to express a certain word they cannot remember. can recall the name when given clues. are able to speak with correct grammar

Transient Anomia Might result from: Aneurism (e.g. Ashcroft) Epileptic seizure E.g., A 37-year-old man had episodes of transient anomia for people's names over a period of 6 months. The first episode lasted about 10 min and was restricted to an inability to remember his 2-year-old son's first name. The second, was limited to an inability to recall his daughter's first name for 5 min. (Ghika-Schmid & Nater, 2003)

Ashcroft "The most powerful realization I had during the episode ... was a dissociation between the thought and the word or phrase that expresses the thought. The subjective experience consisted of knowing with complete certainty the idea or concept that I was trying to express and being completely unable to find and utter the word that expressed the idea or concept. ... The experience was not one of being unable to articulate a word currently held in consciousness. Instead, it was one of being fully aware of the target idea yet totally unable to accomplish what normally feels like a single act of finding-and-saying the word."

Optic anomia Patient JF was impaired when naming visually presented objects but could define them from their spoken names or by touch (Beauvois et al., 1973; 1982; 1985). He could mime the use of the objects so this was not agnosia (i.e. knew what object was). C.f. Tactile anomia e.g., RG could not name objects by touch but could name visually presented objects and pantomime their use (suggesting that he knew what the object was).

Pure Word Deafness No comprehension of speech, No ability to repeat or to write to dictation feel as though they can't hear when someone else is speaking, even if the person speaking is doing so in a loud voice. they have no trouble hearing other sounds, such as a telephone ringing or a door bell. maintain the ability to write spontaneously

Phonagnosia Disturbance in the recognition of familiar voices the impairment of voice discrimination does not suffer from comprehension deficits.

Speech Apraxia Speech Production Disorder People who have it find it difficult or impossible to make certain motor movements, even though their muscles are normal. Due to damage to primary motor cortex. Milder forms of apraxia are known as dyspraxia. affect the articulation of consonants, causing the slurring of speech. in very severe cases, vowels may also be distorted

Prosody Production and Perception Problems producing or interpreting inflections Due to Right frontal lobe damage

Take-home Message Language is very complex Relies on: motor ability phonemics Syntax Semantics Video of Group Support Group – Aphasia’s