GLORIA OTIENO Regional Trade and Rural Livelihoods: Implications on Kenya’s Food Security

Structure of Presentation Background Context and Study Objectives and Methodology Exploring Agritrade-Rural Livelihoods-Food Security Linkages Regional Trade and Implications on Rural Livelihoods and Food Security In Kenya  Rural Livelihoods, poverty and Food Security in Kenya  Trade and its linkages with Rural Livelihoods in Kenya  Implications of regional trade and livelihoods and food security Policy, Institutional Frameworks and Interplay of Stakeholders Conclusions and Recommendations

Background  World’s malnourished increased from over 800 million in 2008 to 923 million in 2009 (FAO, 2009)  Kenya ranks 29 among the countries with worlds poorest food security  Effects partly due to recent droughts and rising food prices as well as rising poverty  70 percent Kenyans -net buyers of food  dependence on rain fed agriculture -output from maize fell from a surplus of 9 million bags in 2006 to a deficit of 35 million bags at present

Background contd’ Kenya thus relies on imports and Trade is important for stabilizing the national food supplies and food prices. However trade is affected by tariffs, NTBs and subsidies. Regional trade important for food security

Kenya : Stylized Facts Variable Economic growth Agric as % of GDP24 Exports value (mn)69, bn412.4bn Imports Value314.9bn605.1bn Export as % of GDP Import as % of GDP Some Stylized Facts about Kenya Agritrade, Poverty and Food Security  Trade deficit has been widening  Value of exports increased by 14% in last 2yrs but that of imports grew faster and at a higher rate (16%)  Poverty still remains high and overlaps largely with rural areas  Where 67% of pop lives, affecting largely small-scale farmers

Kenya : Stylized Facts cont’d Region Rural 42.o Urban National Source: Kenya Economic Surveys (Various Issues), KNBS 2007 Poverty Rates Selected Years ( )

Study Objectives 1. Identify linkages between trade, rural livelihoods and food security more specifically within the Kenyan context. 2. Determine magnitude and composition of regional trade in Agriculture (both formal and informal) and inherent effects on rural livelihoods and food security in Kenya. 3. Carry out a review of national policies related to agriculture – food security, trade, and regional integration

Methodology  Literature review to establish the Linkages between Trade, Livelihoods and food security.  Secondary data used for trend analysis  Primary data – FGDs with farmer organizations. › Key Informants  Review of Policies, Legal and Regulatory Frameworks

Agritrade-Rural Livelihoods-Food Security Linkages Agricultural trade and Rural Livelihoods  Incomes – farmers are able to sell or export their produce -processing and distribution agricultural produce - incomes from labour in large and medium farms  Thus if incomes from agric trade are rewarding then we expect: › Rural households’ incomes to increase hence increased demand for food and other consumer goods, › creation of non-farm jobs and employment diversification, especially in small towns close to agricultural production areas › surplus rural labor is absorbed, raises demand for agricultural produce and again boosts agricultural productivity and rural incomes

Agritrade-Rural Livelihoods-Food Security Linkages  Thus, impact on rural livelihood comes through › falling real food prices, › creation of employment, › higher real wages, and › rising incomes from small farm households

Trade, Rural Livelihoods and Food Security contd’ - Positive Linkages Linkages between agricultural trade and rural livelihoods therefore occur in three phases according to Evans 1990: 1. rural households earn higher incomes from production of agricultural goods for non-local markets, and increase their demand for consumer goods 2. this leads to the creation of non-farm jobs and employment diversification, especially in small towns close to agricultural production areas 3. which in turn absorbs surplus rural labor, raises demand for agricultural produce and again boosts agricultural productivity and rural incomes (Evans, 1990).

Trade, Rural Livelihoods and Food Security – Negative Linkages  Trade Liberalization such as SAPs – many sectors became uncompetitive.  International trade policies such as 1. Subsidies -dampened world prices, leading to collapse of many agricultural sectors in developing countries 2. NTBs – such as standards have also acted as barriers for developing country exporters.  Consequently, production declined and this led to a drop in employment for farmers and dependency on imported food leading to major changes in food prices and worsening the food security and livelihoods situation.

Rural Livelihoods, Poverty and Food Security: The Kenyan Situation  Poverty rates in Kenya are 46.1 percent. Rural poverty is higher than the national average and stands at 49.1%.  Rural poverty mostly associated with agriculture and land › Highest in ASALs in Eastern and North-eastern – due to poor climatic conditions › High potential areas e.g Central are over exploited due to population pressure  Poverty is highly correlated with food security i.e high poverty areas are the most food insecure – Asals and Coast  Food security worsened since 1990s and by 2003 imports were 14 percent of total value of imports and 25 percent of agricultural imports.Trends In National Food Security IndicatorsTrends In National Food Security Indicators

Food Security Situation contd’  Statistics show that only 47 percent of the entire Kenyan population is food secure.  Hence Kenya’s dependency on food Aid has continued to rise over the years and is observed to have high peaks in 1993, 2001 and in 2007  Currently WFP is feeding a total of 3.6 million people in 25 districts and 535,000 children are given school meals through the school feeding program  Food imports especially cereals have also increased – deficits last year was 95,000MT met through imports  Most imports come from the region Uganda and Tanzania 108,155 MT and 56,900 respectively

Rural livelihoods and Implications on food Security in Kenya  More than 70 percent of Kenya’s Population live in rural areas  Agriculture and pastoralism the mainstay of the Kenyan Rural economy  An average of 68% rural household income is derived from off-farm incomes, and around 32% comes from own production (crops and livestock products), with maize and wheat being the leading sources of crop income.  Incomes from Agriculture alone are not sufficient to meet food needs especially in ASALs hence purchase of food is very common.

Magnitude, Composition and Direction of Trade-Kenya  Exports  dominated by the agricultural sector- horticulture 22%; tea 17.9%, others eg petroleum and manufactured exports about 45 percent of exports.  Main destinations EU – 22 %; and Africa – 60 Percent  Exports to the COMESA and EAC region consist of manufactured products such as Fermented tea (35%), Cement (4.5%), Cigarettes (4.2%) amongst others  Exports to Africa increased 26% in the past 10 years  Exports to Africa facilitated by EAC and COMESA customs union  -Main barriers to Exports include NTBs, poor infrastructure and delays at various border points

Magnitude, Composition and Direction of Trade Imports –  Kenya’s imports mainly consist of petroleum products (14 percent of total imports); crude petroleum (9 percent); industrial machinery (11 percent); and motor vehicles (6.4 percent).  Main source of Kenya’s imports include Middle and Far East – China and India, UAE and EU countries including South Africa.  Kenya also imports food specifically maize from EAC and COMESA countries to meet shortages

Informal Trade and Food Security contd’  Goods entering Kenya included, maize, beans, bananas, fresh fruits and vegetables-tomatoes, onions avocados, pineapples and Textiles  Goods leaving Kenya included counterfeit batteries, cigarettes, detergents, beverages, sugar, mattresses and other household goods 1. Reasons for illicit trade: › delays at the border which in some cases along Busia-Malaba border was up to 7 hours › High Administrative costs -numerous requirements such as trade licenses – business and road license, phyto-sanitary certificates › Corruption and bribery at police checkpoints 2. Magnitude is hard to measure 3. Positive aspects# › Improve access to food# › drives down prices of goods# - a plus for consumers but not producers › Provides incomes and improves livelihoods for traders#

Implications of Trade on Food Security  Continued high prices of food due to: a) sustained high level of effective demand in the country, especially in main urban centers, b) accelerated appreciation of the Kenyan currency in recent years c) the impacts of increased internal production costs, given the general cost of inputs and other production outlays, and d) the overall rise in inflation, - rising to 31.5 percent in May and 29.4 percent in June 2008, e) Overwhelming dependence on maize as the key staple for the majority of the population. f) drought and poor weather conditions; g) rising food prices which is a global phenomenon as well as h) The post-election violence which occurred in 2008 January

Implications of Trade on Food Security contd ’  Increased imports – cheap food imports acting as a dis-incentive for producers although this has improved access to food Slide 26 Slide 27Slide 26Slide 27  On one hand –loss of incomes for producers and labourers but on the other hand creation of employment and incomes for traders Slide 25Slide 25  Dependency on food aid has also acted as a dis- incentive for production although it has provided much needed food for millions of people in extreme food insecurity trends in foodaid.doctrends in foodaid.doc

Policy, Institutional frameworks and the interplay of Stakeholders  Trade liberalization under SAPs and various trade agreements such as EAC and COMESA have led to openness and reduction of tariffs  Even after the trade regime was liberalized cheap food imports have suppressed domestic food prices and therefore food production  Food security policy has laid much emphasis on Maize sector ignoring other sectors which could raise incomes of rural folk#  Food Security policy not coherent with trade policy

Agricultural Policies and recent Developments in the Sector  Strategy for Revitalization of Agriculture  wide spread stakeholder consultations  sector based approach- implementation by different ministries  National food security policy  Parliamentary committees – SUPA, COTEPA  Advocacy groups –Civil society – SUCAM  Programs to help farmers –  fertilizer subsidy program  National Accelerated Agricultural Input Access Project Kilimo plus- voucher system for seeds and fertilizer Kilimo biashara – Low costcost credit to purchase inputs (Ksh 605 million for 121,000 farmers  Njaa Marufuku - Ksh million to assist 1,866 groups, 40 schools and 35organizations to undertake food security projects.

Agricultural Policies and recent Developments in the Sector contd’  Agricultural Sector Development Strategy –  Part of Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) launched in Kenya in  Agriculture positioned as the key driver for delivering 10 percent annual economic growth rate envisaged in the vision 2030  Recognises food security as an integral part of agriculture  Emphasis also placed on other enabling factors such as infrastructure, NTBs etc  Implementation through ASCU- Agricultural Sector coordination unit

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 1. Need for an equitable global environment for trade; removal of subsidies. 2. Taking care of regional NTBs to enhance regional trade 3. Most of what needs to be done is mainly at National level 1. Need for a clear and comprehensive trade policy that takes into account food security issues 2. Addressing infrastructural bottlenecks and redistributive mechanisms from surplus to deficit areas. 3. Need for a comprehensive institutional framework to enable private sector participation in the process as well as consolidation of information for future referencing.

Institutional Frameworks The integrated approach-  KFSMG, KFSSG  National Food Security committee-consisting of key gov’t ministries, donors, civil society and private sector  Institutions dealing more and more with emergency situations The NCPB

Trends In National Food Security Indicators Year Per Capita Food Production (Kg/yr) Food self- Sufficiency ratio Cereal Self Sufficiency ratio Ratio of food import to agricultural exports Ratio of food imports to total exports o

Table 3.6: Wage employment by sector by region(numbers)2007 RegionAgricultureTradeServices*Services** Nairobi Central Coast Eastern Nyanza Western Rift Valley North Eastern - No data available Services* Finance, Insurance, real estate and business services ** Community, social and personal services