INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Learning Objectives Describe the basic functions of organisms. Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each. Identify the major levels of organization in organisms . Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components. Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback. Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

SECTION 1-1 Introduction: Studying the Human body

The basic functions of organisms Organization Responsiveness Growth and differentiation Reproduction Movement Metabolism and excretion

The Specialties of Anatomy Gross Anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Developmental anatomy Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology

Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology. Figure 1.1

The Specialties of Physiology Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological physiology

SECTION 1-2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems Integumentary system Nervous system Skeletal system Endocrine system Muscular system Cardiovascular system

Figure 1.3.1

Figure 1.3.2

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Figure 1.3 continued Lymphatic system Urinary system Respiratory system Digestive system Reproductive system PLAY Animation: Samples of the Visible Human Data set

Figure 1.3.7

Figure 1.3.8

Figure 1.3.9

Figure 1.3.11

Figure 1.3.10

Figure 1.3.12

SECTION 1-3 Homeostasis

Two general points within homeostasis Autoregulation Extrinsic regulation

Homeostatic regulation involves A receptor A control center An effector

Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

SECTION 1-4 A frame of reference for anatomical studies

Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions Sectional anatomy provides directional references

Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

Figure 1.7b

Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Figure 1.8b, c

Figure 1.9 Directional References

Plans and Sections are important in visualizing structures Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs Cavities protect vital organs Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size Two body cavities Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1.12a Body Cavities Figure 1.12a, b

Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart PLAY Animation: Heart Dissection

Abdominopelvic Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

Abdominopelvic Cavity The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine PLAY Animation: Digestive System Dissection

Clinical technology allows many different views of the body X-rays Computerized tomography (CT) scans Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans Ultrasound images Spiral CT scans Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA) Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

Figure 1.13 X-rays Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods Figure 1.15c

You should now be familiar with: The characteristics of life. The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions. The levels of organization in the human body. The definition and importance of homeostasis. The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.