S Ahmad Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani Workshop on Embedded System in Automobile Industry Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai 1 st December, 2003

BARC Presentations24 April, Introduction Automotive Industry Quest Passenger Car - Performance Improvement, Reduced Cost, Enhanced Reliability Conventional Sensor - MEMS Replacement Newer Possible Applications Earliest Use - Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor - MAP Silicon Accelerometer - Airbag s Warranty Period - 10Years/ 150,000 Miles

BARC Presentations24 April, Introduction Improved Fuel Efficiency, Emission and Safety - Federal Standards Higher Expectations - Performance, Comfort Greater Availability - Micro-controller, Memory, Display and Enhanced Diagnostics Very Harsh Under the Hood Environment High Temperature, Shock, Vibration, Humidity, Corrosive Media, EMC and RFI Military Grade at Lowest Consumer Price

BARC Presentations24 April, Automotive Sensor Global Market Growth

BARC Presentations24 April, Automotive Sensor Usage Early Estimate

BARC Presentations24 April, Automotive Industry MEMS Sensors

BARC Presentations24 April, Product Evolution Time Schedule

BARC Presentations24 April, Top Ten MEMS Markets Micro-fluidic Biochip Glucose Monitoring MEMS Sensor Tire Pressure Sensors Hard Disc Drive Heads Inkjet Print Head Medical Condition Detection Device Large Format Print Head Automotive Function Enabling Device ABS Accelerometer and Gyroscope Automobile Mass Airflow Sensor Venture Development Corporation

BARC Presentations24 April, Basic Auto MEMS Requirements Crash Sensing - Air Bag Deployment Vehicle Dynamic Control Rollover Detection System Antitheft System Electronic Parking Brake System Vehicle Navigation System Seat Occupancy / Passenger Position Climate Control Digital Engine Control Road Conditions

BARC Presentations24 April, Major Growth Areas Accelerometer – VDC and Airbags Pressure Sensor – Transmission, Brakes, Diesel Fuel Rails, Refrigeration, Tires, Fuel Evaporation,Yaw Rates, GPS Backup Position Sensor – Wheel Speed, Camshaft, Crankshaft, Pedal Positions Humidity Sensor – Cabin Comfort Distance Sensor – Collision Avoidance

BARC Presentations24 April, Airbag Deployment Acceleration - Continuously Measured Acceleration Exceeds Some Threshold Measured Acceleration Curve Integrated Large Velocity Change - Airbag Fired Steering Wheel and Side Airbag Firing Earlier Sensors - Distributed g Switch Insufficient Information – On/Off Type More Expensive, Less Reliable MEMS Accelerometer - Far Better Gyroscope - ANALOG Devices - Introduced

BARC Presentations24 April, Vehicle Dynamic Control VDC - Vehicle Skid Control Contains : Gyroscope, Low g Accelerometer, Wheel Speed Sensor Yaw Rate Prediction - Speed Measurement Gyroscope Measurement - Compared Larger Difference - Single Wheel Brake or Torque Reduction Applied, Airbag Fired Shock / Vibration Tolerant Gyroscopes - Need ANALO Devices - iMEMS Gyro Better Device

BARC Presentations24 April, Vehicle Rollover Detection More Appropriate - Vans, Trucks, Sport Vehicle Roll Angle and Rate Measurement - Tripping Gyroscope - Roll Rate, Integration - Angle Z - Axis Acceleration – Additional Accelerometer Sideways Sliding Cause Rollover - Curb/Object Dual Axes Low g Accelerometer – Ideal Solution Shock/Vibration Resistant Gyros - Necessary Fast Response Time Gyroscope - Essential

BARC Presentations24 April, Security - Antitheft Vehicle Towing - Popular Type Theft Tilt Detection System - Effective Sensor Pan European Specification Tilt over 3 minute period - i.e o tilt per second Fluid Tilt Sensor - Possible Use - Limited Tilt Range, Parked Large Tilt Angle - Sensor Ineffective Harsh Environment - Temperature Change, Sensor Performance Heavily Impaired Low g Accelerometers – Ideal Tilt Sensor

BARC Presentations24 April, Parking Brake System Manual Parking Brake Activation Robust Push or Pull Type Operation Braking Force Magnitude - No Concern Electronic Parking Brake - Button Activation Sensor Measures Vehicle Inclination Braking Force Requirement Determined Brake Applied - Easy Operation Low g Accelerometers - Ideal Tilt Detection Sensor Sometimes – Single Sensor Used Both Antitheft and Parking Brake Systems

BARC Presentations24 April, Vehicle Navigation System Standard Feature – Luxury Cars Global Positioning System– Fundamental Part GPS - Position and Altitude but No Direction Magnetometer – Early Direction Sensor Large Ferrous Metal Object - Confused Magnetometer Performance - Not Reliable Compass and GPS – Initial Start Travel Direction Match - Map Data - Direction Gyroscope - When and How Much Car Turned, Directional Data Match - Map Data Gyroscope - Heading Information, Low g Accelerometer – Position Data, Integration

BARC Presentations24 April, Electronic Engine Control Intake Manifold Pressure - Air to Fuel Ratio Mass Air Flow Devices - MEMS Version Barometric Pressure - Altitude Information Rich to Lean Fuel to Air Mixture Decision Cylinder Pressure Measurement - Performance Optimization - Piezoelectric/ Fiber Optic Sensor Exhaust Gas Re-circulation - Capacitive Pressure Sensor – Better Solution Hydraulic Fluid Pressure - Isolated Diaphragm Type Configuration, Sensor – ASIC Integration Fuel Injection - Silicon Fuel Injection Nozzle

BARC Presentations24 April, Sensor Cluster System Same Sensor Family - Variety of Measurements Accelerometer/Gyros - Sometimes 15 Sensors Difficult Integration, Unsafe Operation Fear Inertial Measurement Unit - Six Axes Inertial Measurements, Proper location Signal Routing Additional Stand Alone Sensors - Still Required Sensor Cluster Configuration - More Economical Solution, Better Micro-controller Utilization

BARC Presentations24 April, Commercial Off-the-Shelf MEMS Pressure Sensor

BARC Presentations24 April, H-SiC High g Piezo-resistive Accelerometer

BARC Presentations24 April,

BARC Presentations24 April, ARIES Airbag Deployment Test System

BARC Presentations24 April, Three Axes MEMS Accelerometer Sandia Laboratories

BARC Presentations24 April, Delphi Automotive System Air Bag

BARC Presentations24 April,

BARC Presentations24 April, Piezo-resistive Pressure Sensor - CEERI

BARC Presentations24 April, ZnO Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensor - CEERI

BARC Presentations24 April, Polysilicon Load Cell - CEERI

BARC Presentations24 April, Three Axes Bulk Micro-machined Accelerometer Test Structure - CEERI

BARC Presentations24 April, Sensor Interface ASIC - Schematic

BARC Presentations24 April, Sensor Output – Without Conditioning

BARC Presentations24 April, Corrected Sensor Output

BARC Presentations24 April, Universal Signal Conditioner – Resistive Bridge

BARC Presentations24 April, Intelligent Pressure Sensor Chip

BARC Presentations24 April, Capacitive Sensor Interface ASIC

BARC Presentations24 April, Conclusions Automobile MEMS Sensor - Fast Growing Multi Billion Dollar Industry Growth Intelligent Sensor Development - Needed Interface and Signal Conditioning - Essential Hybrid Approach - Initial Stage ASICs Use - Commercial ASICS Available Sensor Cluster Approach – Better Solution Already Late Start – Sooner Starting Better

BARC Presentations24 April,