Forms of Party Organization Party Types: Why do parties organize in the ways that they do?

The Department of Political Science Presents The Effect of Partisan Stereotypes on the Evaluations of Party Leaders? Dr. Amanda Bittner Department of Political Science Memorial University of Newfoundland Friday February 6, 2009 SN20332:30pm

Debates: timing Moderator: Moderator: Introduction 20 seconds Introduction 20 seconds Opening arguments Opening arguments Proponent 1 (2 minutes) Proponent 1 (2 minutes) Opponent 1 (2 minutes) Opponent 1 (2 minutes) Rebuttal Rebuttal Proponent 2 (1.5 minutes) Proponent 2 (1.5 minutes) Opponent 2 (1.5 minutes) Opponent 2 (1.5 minutes) Discussion and evaluation: Discussion and evaluation: Judge(s) plus rest of class (3-4 minutes) Judge(s) plus rest of class (3-4 minutes)

Why do parties organize in the ways that they do? How much organization do they need? How much organization do they need? Do they need Do they need ‘thick’ organization with large # of members? ‘thick’ organization with large # of members? to be organized at all times or only when elections are called? to be organized at all times or only when elections are called? professionals rather than amateurs? professionals rather than amateurs? Organization at all levels of government? Organization at all levels of government?

Party types: a composite typology Cadre parties Cadre parties Mass parties (or parties of mass integration) Mass parties (or parties of mass integration) Catch-all parties and/or Catch-all parties and/or Electoral-Professional parties Electoral-Professional parties Cartel parties Cartel parties

Where this comes from: Maurice Duverger Maurice Duverger Sigmund Neumann Sigmund Neumann Otto Kirchheimer Otto Kirchheimer Angelo Panebianco Angelo Panebianco Richard Katz and Peter Mair Richard Katz and Peter Mair

Duverger’s ‘theory’ of party organization Degree of organization reflects parties ‘electoral needs Degree of organization reflects parties ‘electoral needs First parties were internally created & First parties were internally created & Took the form of loose cadre parties: Took the form of loose cadre parties: Made of ‘local notables’ Made of ‘local notables’ Minimal organization outside of parliament Minimal organization outside of parliament Minimal organization between elections Minimal organization between elections Few members Few members

Duverger cont’d The mass party Mass parties externally created Mass parties externally created Extensive organization Extensive organization Outside of parliament & Outside of parliament & In between elections In between elections Mass membership – enroll a larger % of target groups Mass membership – enroll a larger % of target groups The mass party is The mass party is A superior form of party organization A superior form of party organization The wave of the future The wave of the future

Sigmund Neumann Parties of individual representation Parties of individual representation Parties of mass integration Parties of mass integration Party not only organizes electorally, Party not only organizes electorally, but also provides services and spiritual home for its citizens of the masses” (Otto Kirchheimer, 1966) but also provides services and spiritual home for its citizens of the masses” (Otto Kirchheimer, 1966) Parties of total integration Parties of total integration

Epstein’s critique: Contagion from the left vs. contagion from the right: Leon Epstein (Political Parties in Western Democracies, 1967) argues that the mass party is not the wave of the future Leon Epstein (Political Parties in Western Democracies, 1967) argues that the mass party is not the wave of the future Parties are not dependent on numbers or mass organization; Parties are not dependent on numbers or mass organization; They can rely on the media instead They can rely on the media instead

Catchall and electoral professional parties: Problem: How do parties change over time? How do parties change over time? What are they like in middle age? What are they like in middle age?

Otto Kirchheimer and the catch- all party: Parties of mass integration adapt to a more affluent and consumer oriented society by Parties of mass integration adapt to a more affluent and consumer oriented society by Abandoning attempts at “the intellectual and moral encadrement of the masses” Abandoning attempts at “the intellectual and moral encadrement of the masses” Bidding for the support of interest groups Bidding for the support of interest groups Emphasizing the qualities of their leaders Emphasizing the qualities of their leaders Scuttling “‘excess ideological baggage” Scuttling “‘excess ideological baggage” Moving to the centre Moving to the centre The success of one catch-all party forces others to imitate it, transforming the party system The success of one catch-all party forces others to imitate it, transforming the party system

Panebianco’s Political Parties Parties reflect genetic types Parties reflect genetic types Parties forced to transform themselves into electoral-professional parties Parties forced to transform themselves into electoral-professional parties

The cartel party Katz and Mair 1995 Parties share power with each other Parties share power with each other Parties have become part of the state Parties have become part of the state Parties draw on state resources – e.g. state finance Parties draw on state resources – e.g. state finance Party members are involved, but only at a distance Party members are involved, but only at a distance

Problems: How appropriate are these types? How appropriate are these types? Do they encompass all political parties? Do they encompass all political parties? Do they describe contemporary parties? Do they describe contemporary parties? Do they fit political parties in Canada or the United States? Do they fit political parties in Canada or the United States? How accurately do they characterize them? How accurately do they characterize them? What about parties in other parts of the world? What about parties in other parts of the world?

North American Contrasts Canadian & American parties as coalitions of divergent interests Canadian & American parties as coalitions of divergent interests Enlist divergent interests, regions in hopes of Enlist divergent interests, regions in hopes of Winning a parliamentary majority in Canada Winning a parliamentary majority in Canada Capturing the Presidency in the United States Capturing the Presidency in the United States Do they fit any of these categories? Do they fit any of these categories?

American parties Come together as coalitions to capture the Presidency in the 1820s Come together as coalitions to capture the Presidency in the 1820s Martin Van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ Martin Van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ Republicans established in 1856 Republicans established in 1856 Periodic realignments? Periodic realignments?

The Republicans After the civil war, the party of the north and east After the civil war, the party of the north and east Represent urban areas Represent urban areas Including both capital & Labour Including both capital & Labour Opposed by Democrats based in the south & west Opposed by Democrats based in the south & west Tendencies more pronounced after 1896 Tendencies more pronounced after 1896

The Democrats Date, if not from Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans to the 1820’s Date, if not from Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans to the 1820’s Martin van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ elects Andrew Jackson and then Van Buren to in 1828, 1832, (Jackson) and 1836 Martin van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ elects Andrew Jackson and then Van Buren to in 1828, 1832, (Jackson) and 1836 Party splits in run up to the Civil War Party splits in run up to the Civil War Close competitor to Republican’s until 1896 Close competitor to Republican’s until 1896 Roosevelt coalition from to 1960s and beyond Roosevelt coalition from to 1960s and beyond

Democrats and Republicans today Republicans move to the right from the 1970s Republicans move to the right from the 1970s Impact of religious right, social conservatives Impact of religious right, social conservatives Demcrats Demcrats Move ‘left’ in 1970s Move ‘left’ in 1970s Back to centre, centre-left under Clinton Back to centre, centre-left under Clinton Today? Today?

Parties elsewhere: What about parties in What about parties in Latin America? Latin America? Africa? Africa? Asia? Asia? Eastern Europe? Eastern Europe?

Reminders: Paper topics due today, February 3rd Paper topics due today, February 3rd These should contain: These should contain: A brief statement of the topic as you propose to define it A brief statement of the topic as you propose to define it A preliminary bibliography of sources you are likely to use A preliminary bibliography of sources you are likely to use Including a brief annotation of what you expect to find in them or how you expect to use them Including a brief annotation of what you expect to find in them or how you expect to use them Party system maps due February 12th Party system maps due February 12th