Enhancing Aircraft Survivability through Implementation of Lightweight On-Board Inert Gas Generating Systems (OBIGGS) IHSS – Montreal, Canada September 2005 IHSS – Montreal, Canada September 2005 Classification Level – UNCLASSIFIED Briefing

Presentation Outline Current Platforms with OBIGGS Aircraft Survivability Chain What is The Risk Addressing The Risk Comparative Review of Available Technologies OBIGGS Technology Overview Aircraft Parameters Drive OBIGGS Sizing Non-Developmental OBIGGS Solutions OBIGGS Maintenance and Logistics Briefing Summary Current Platforms with OBIGGS Aircraft Survivability Chain What is The Risk Addressing The Risk Comparative Review of Available Technologies OBIGGS Technology Overview Aircraft Parameters Drive OBIGGS Sizing Non-Developmental OBIGGS Solutions OBIGGS Maintenance and Logistics Briefing Summary

OBIGGS Equipped Aircraft

Aircraft Survivability Chain Avoid detection Avoid engagement Avoid damage Crash worthiness Avoid detection Avoid engagement Avoid damage Crash worthiness OBIGGS

What Is The Risk Fuel Tank Ullage – Explosive Mixture of Fuel-Rich Vapors and Air Fuel vapor can cause catastrophic damage % oxygen limit Protect Against Enemy Ground Fire Threat Protect Against Static/Electrical Discharge Properly Address the Avoid Damage Segment of the Aircraft Survivability Chain Fuel Tank Ullage – Explosive Mixture of Fuel-Rich Vapors and Air Fuel vapor can cause catastrophic damage % oxygen limit Protect Against Enemy Ground Fire Threat Protect Against Static/Electrical Discharge Properly Address the Avoid Damage Segment of the Aircraft Survivability Chain

Typical Aircraft Survivability Aircraft requirements call for ballistic tolerance. Fuel System is always a major issue Addresses the “Avoid Damage” segment of the Aircraft Survivability Chain Self-sealing fuel tanks are typically implemented. Does Not Provide a Complete Solution Aircraft requirements call for ballistic tolerance. Fuel System is always a major issue Addresses the “Avoid Damage” segment of the Aircraft Survivability Chain Self-sealing fuel tanks are typically implemented. Does Not Provide a Complete Solution

Properly Addressing The Risk Major Issue - Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Not Sufficient OBIGGS Required to Address Explosive Nature of Fuel Tank Vapors High Aircraft Vulnerability based on Fuel Tank Volume and Location. Requirements Need to Properly Address A Solution Incorporate Wording for Self Sealing Tanks and Fuel Tank Vapor Protection Vapor Protection Gets OBIGGS Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks + OBIGGS = Full Protection!! Major Issue - Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Not Sufficient OBIGGS Required to Address Explosive Nature of Fuel Tank Vapors High Aircraft Vulnerability based on Fuel Tank Volume and Location. Requirements Need to Properly Address A Solution Incorporate Wording for Self Sealing Tanks and Fuel Tank Vapor Protection Vapor Protection Gets OBIGGS Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks + OBIGGS = Full Protection!!

Comparative Review ~ Available Technologies Reticulated Foam Flexible Lowers Fuel Tank Capacity Significant Weight Increase Maintenance Impact –Take foam out problems –Hazardous material disposal –Degrades over time Halon Ozone-Depleting Chemical Logistics and Maintenance One time use Banned by Montreal Protocol Research for Friendly Options Reticulated Foam Flexible Lowers Fuel Tank Capacity Significant Weight Increase Maintenance Impact –Take foam out problems –Hazardous material disposal –Degrades over time Halon Ozone-Depleting Chemical Logistics and Maintenance One time use Banned by Montreal Protocol Research for Friendly Options Liquid Nitrogen Weight Savings Over Foam Hazardous Major Logistics Impact –Huge tail One time use Gaseous Nitrogen Heavier Than Liquid Higher Pressure - Safety OBIGGS Unlimited Nitrogen Supply Low Weight System Low Life Cycle Cost Negligible Logistics Impact

Molecular Sieve OBIGGS Technology Optimal Performance ~ Low Pressure psig & Temp o FOptimal Performance ~ Low Pressure psig & Temp o F Physical Separation ~ Not ChemicalPhysical Separation ~ Not Chemical Utilizes Molecular Sieve – Zeolite CrystalUtilizes Molecular Sieve – Zeolite Crystal Applies Pressure Swing Adsorption ProcessApplies Pressure Swing Adsorption Process Same Process used for On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)Same Process used for On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS) Optimal Performance ~ Low Pressure psig & Temp o FOptimal Performance ~ Low Pressure psig & Temp o F Physical Separation ~ Not ChemicalPhysical Separation ~ Not Chemical Utilizes Molecular Sieve – Zeolite CrystalUtilizes Molecular Sieve – Zeolite Crystal Applies Pressure Swing Adsorption ProcessApplies Pressure Swing Adsorption Process Same Process used for On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)Same Process used for On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)

Molecular Sieve OBIGGS Process PR/SO - press reducer shut-off valve

Molecular Sieve OBIGGS Process Molecular Sieve In Concentrator Beds. Cycling Valve Controls Charge and Vent Pressure Swing Adsorbtion (PSA) Process Step A: –Bed 1: Pressurize with air through inlet-- O 2 adsorbed, N 2 passes through check valve to outlet. –Bed 2: Exhaust, O 2 desorbed & vented through inlet. Step B: –Bed 1: Exhaust, O 2 desorbed & vented through inlet. –Bed 2: Pressurize with air through inlet-- O 2 adsorbed, N 2 passes through check valve to outlet. Molecular Sieve In Concentrator Beds. Cycling Valve Controls Charge and Vent Pressure Swing Adsorbtion (PSA) Process Step A: –Bed 1: Pressurize with air through inlet-- O 2 adsorbed, N 2 passes through check valve to outlet. –Bed 2: Exhaust, O 2 desorbed & vented through inlet. Step B: –Bed 1: Exhaust, O 2 desorbed & vented through inlet. –Bed 2: Pressurize with air through inlet-- O 2 adsorbed, N 2 passes through check valve to outlet.

Hollow Fiber Membrane OBIGGS Technology o FOptimal Performance ~ High Pressure (35-55 psig) & Temp. ( o F ) Multiple Base Polymers Physical Separation Process ~ Not Chemical Selective Permeation Through Separating Layer o FOptimal Performance ~ High Pressure (35-55 psig) & Temp. ( o F ) Multiple Base Polymers Physical Separation Process ~ Not Chemical Selective Permeation Through Separating Layer Inlet Air Shut-Off Valve HFM Check Valve Filter Waste Gas Oxygen Monitor % N 2

Aircraft Parameters Drive OBIGGS Sizing Fuel Tank Capacity and Ullage Initial Inerting Goal – Protection Time to Inert Vent System Pressurization (Climb / Dive Valve Settings) Rate of Descent System Trades Drive Technology Selection and Requirements Compromise Fuel Tank Capacity and Ullage Initial Inerting Goal – Protection Time to Inert Vent System Pressurization (Climb / Dive Valve Settings) Rate of Descent System Trades Drive Technology Selection and Requirements Compromise

Non-Developmental OBIGGS Solutions Helicopter Applications Attack/Combat Search & Rescue/Utility –Total Integrated Weight ~ 30 to 40 Pounds –Air Consumption ~ 1 Pound/Minute Maximum Multi-Mission Cargo/Transport –Total Integrated Weight ~ 50 to 60 Pounds –Air Consumption ~ 2 Pound/Minute Helicopter Applications Attack/Combat Search & Rescue/Utility –Total Integrated Weight ~ 30 to 40 Pounds –Air Consumption ~ 1 Pound/Minute Maximum Multi-Mission Cargo/Transport –Total Integrated Weight ~ 50 to 60 Pounds –Air Consumption ~ 2 Pound/Minute

Non-Developmental OBIGGS Solutions Military Cargo/Transport Applications Total Integrated Weight ~ Pounds Air Consumption ~ Pounds/Minute Implement Through Modular Air Separation Modules Military Cargo/Transport Applications Total Integrated Weight ~ Pounds Air Consumption ~ Pounds/Minute Implement Through Modular Air Separation Modules

OBIGGS Maintenance/Logistics Operational to Depot Level Support Inlet Air Filter – Only Scheduled Maintenance Action Interval Approx. 1,000 Hour Interval Include In Planned Aircraft Maintenance Minute Maintenance Action No GSE or Special Tools Required Estimated Yearly Support Costs/100 Aircraft Based on 20 Operational Hours/Month/Aircraft Less Than $1,000 Per Aircraft/Year Operational to Depot Level Support Inlet Air Filter – Only Scheduled Maintenance Action Interval Approx. 1,000 Hour Interval Include In Planned Aircraft Maintenance Minute Maintenance Action No GSE or Special Tools Required Estimated Yearly Support Costs/100 Aircraft Based on 20 Operational Hours/Month/Aircraft Less Than $1,000 Per Aircraft/Year

Briefing Summary Critical to Address Explosive Nature of Fuel Tank Ullages. Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Does Not Completely Address Ballistic Tolerance OBIGGS and Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Are Complimentary Incorporate Adequate Verbiage in Requirements Documents – Fuel Tank Vapor Protection OBIGGS ~ Technically Feasible & Realistic for Today’s Aircraft Critical to Address Explosive Nature of Fuel Tank Ullages. Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Does Not Completely Address Ballistic Tolerance OBIGGS and Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks Are Complimentary Incorporate Adequate Verbiage in Requirements Documents – Fuel Tank Vapor Protection OBIGGS ~ Technically Feasible & Realistic for Today’s Aircraft

Contact Information: Robert Demidowicz Business Development Manager Carleton Life Support Systems Telephone: Contact Information: Robert Demidowicz Business Development Manager Carleton Life Support Systems Telephone: Thank You!