Telecommunications Essentials Chapter 10 Next-Generation Networks

Broadband Growth Information demand Wideband applications Video streaming Networked gaming E-commerce Convergence Shift to machine-to-machine communication More microprocessors than people Bandwidth cost is dropping (more slowly now)Bandwidth cost is dropping

Bandwidth Growth The Bandwidth Report Wireless is expected to dominate China, India, Russia expect biggest increase Increases productivity (compared to dialup)

Business Class Services eCommerce VPNs Video conferencing Collaboration

Broadband Applications Entertainment Internet video/movies/TV/gaming Education Rich-media content delivery Wireless campus Research Labs LHC, Grid Computing,LHCGrid Computing Health Care Teleworking National Security

Digital Video DTV Reduced bandwidth requirements due to compression Nearly immune to interference Can become interactive

DTV Standards Convergence of broadcasting & computing Next generation of TV New features Multiple –windows Interactive viewing options 6x improvement in video quality CD quality sound May have to compete with webTV

International Standards ATSC - Advanced Television Systems CommitteeATSC Adopted by Canada & U.S. U.S. Analog switch-off date: February 17, 2009February 17, 2009 Canada: Aug. 31, 2011 DVB – Digital Video BroadcastingDVB Europe & Australia Similar to ATSC except for audio compression & transmission

ATSC DTV Standard VerticalHorizontal Aspect Ratio Frame RateScanning HDTV :930, 24progressive :960interlaced :960, 30, 24progressive DTV :360, 30, 24progressive :360, 30, 24progressive SDTV :360interlaced :360interlaced

MPEG MPEG-1 Video CDs 1.5 Mbps MP3 audioMP3 MPEG-2 DVD and DTV MPEG-4 Object based encoding WMP, QuickTimeWMPQuickTime MPEG-7 Multimedia content MPEG-21 Software libraries for production and delivery of content

MPEG-2 & Bandwidth DVD – 10.8 MbpsDVD HDTV – 20 Mbps, Blu-RayHDTVBlu-Ray Video delivery requires: More sophisticated video compressionvideo compression Fiber to the X New generation of wireless equipment

Broadband Service Requirements Requirements High speed & capacity Bandwidth on demand Bandwidth reservation Support isochronous traffic Agnostic platforms Support for unicasting & multicasting QoS

Technology Enablers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiersfiber amplifiers DWDM Optical add/drop multiplexers, cross- connect switches, & routers HFC, FTTC, FTTHHFCFTTCFTTH Broadband wireless & satellite Intelligent networks, softswitches, & media gatewaysIntelligent networkssoftswitchesmedia gateways

Delay & Jitter ITU recommendations Maximum setup delay: 150 mSec Packet loss: < 1% Presently it is up to 40% Round trip latency: < 80 mSec Presently it is up to 1000 mSec

Next-Generation Networks

IP IP – a LAN protocol Connectionless Discards packets when congested Traditional routers cannot deliver service quality VoIP & streaming media require low latency & jitter (voice compression 30 – 50 mSec) Increase Bandwidth Short term solution IP Switching Long term solution

IP Switching Connection oriented Routes the first packet Switches the other packets Replaces Layer 3 hops with Layer 2 switching Enables: Voice, video, & graphics applications Objectives Scale economically Improve QoS Limitation Not enough QoS control

IP Multimedia System CSCF – Call Session Control Function HSS – Home Subscriber Services Designed for IPv6 mobile networks Adapted for IPv4 fixed services Ericsson Slide Show

ATM A WAN technique Connection oriented Provides real-time traffic management Supports CoS and QoS provisioning Supports voice, IP, frame relay, X.25 etc. Limitation Scaling problems A virtual circuit is required between every IP router Possible solutions Abandon a full-mesh architecture Migrate to MPLSMPLS

IP vs. ATM +- IP Pervasive at the desktop No QoS ATMCoS & QoSHigh cell overhead

Terabit Switch Routers Proprietary Backbone platform Article by Amit Singhal Single Chip Terabit Switch GlimmerGlass

Today’s Networks Facilities for each service category have been separately engineered

Current Broadband Architecture Current systems use overlay networksoverlay networks Access and transport functions are separated Adds capacity & service without disruption Problem High O&M costsO&M New services require new provision management & troubleshooting systems

Multiservice Network

Three Tier Architecture Outer – Broadband Access Customer service Middle – Intelligent Edge Protocol and data service integration Inner – High-Speed Core Core switches

Broadband Access Provides the end-user with a broadband link Class 5 local exchange DLC DSLAM IAD Remote access servers

Intelligent Edge Establishes QoS, authentication, authorization etc. Equipment type: MSPP VoIP, Media, & Trunking Gateways ATM switches IP routers & switches

Next-Gen Network Edge

Multipurpose Switch

Intelligent Edge Functions Broadband access Adaptation of native traffic Data concentration QoS mapping Service provisioning Encryption Accounting Address administration The Edge is becoming more intelligent and the network more dumb A reversal of the traditional PSTN

High-Speed Core Scalable Fast Dumb

Softswitch A software-based distributed switching & control platform No industry-standard definition China may be the first to develop an interoperable switch Ericsson

ATM Service CategoryATM Service Category (QoS) CBR- Constant bit rate Highest class of service Streaming media VBR – Variable bit rate Highest class of data service Adequate for real-time voice ABR – Available bit rate LAN interconnect UBR – Unspecified bit rate Text data, image transfer, messaging

IP Service Levels IntServ (Integrated Services)IntServ Bandwidth reservation Internet virtual circuits Three service classes Guaranteed Service Controlled Load Service Best-Effort Service DiffServ (Differentiated Services)DiffServ A CoS (Class of Service) model Prioritizes different data streams Cannot specify traffic control parameters

MPLSMPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) Uses local labels to identify: Traffic types Path Destination Supports bandwidth reservation Operates at Layer 2 Supports tunneling Issues between IETF and IP/MPLS ForumIETFIP/MPLS Forum