EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 2

3 Transducer Signal Conditioner Filter Excitation Power Supply Controller Interface Micro- processor D2A Converter Signal Digital Display A2D Converter Analog Subsystem Analog Display Digital Printer Digital Storage Tape Recorder Oscilloscope Oscillograph XY Plotter To Process Control System To digital controller / Computer interface

EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 4

5 Intro to EI OverviewProcess Control Engineering Analysis Block Diagram ApplicationTerminology

 Engineering Analysis › To validate new design of structure, component or system by theoritical and experimental approach

7 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Intro to EI Overview Process Control Engineering Analysis Block Diagram ApplicationTerminology

 Process Control › Monitoring process: provide real-time data that allow operator to respond. › Automatic process: provide real-time feedback data to the control system.

EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 9 The word 'sensor' is derived from entire meaning 'to perceiv e' and 'transducer' is derived from transducer meaning 'to lead across'. device that detects a change in a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal which can be measured or recorded;

 definition of 'transducer' is 'a device that transfers power from one system to another in the same or in the different form'.  A sensible distinction is to use 'sensor' for the sensing element itself and 'transducer' for the sensing element plus any associated circuitry.  All transducers would thus contain a sensor and most (though not all) sensors would also be transducers.[1] EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 10 [1]

11 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer

12 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Computer Science

13 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science

14 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science

15 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State

16 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State

17 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State Definition

18 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State DefinitionClassification

19 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State DefinitionClassificationApplications

20 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Computer Science Finite State Definition ClassificationApplications

 Transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another.  Energy types include (but are not limited to) electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic (including light), chemical, acoustic or thermal energy.  The term transducer commonly implies the use of a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered a transducer.  Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments. 21 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation

22 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Source -

23 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Source - Sensing Element The physical quantity or its rate of change is sensed and responded to by this part of the transistor.

Transduction Element The output of the sensing element is passed on to the transduction element. This element is responsible for converting the non-electrical signal into its proportional electrical signal. 24 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Source - Sensing Element The physical quantity or its rate of change is sensed and responded to by this part of the transistor.

 Selection depends on the physical quantity to be measured.  Depends on the best transducer principle for the given physical input.  Depends on the order of accuracy to be obtained. 25 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation

26 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications

27 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification ApplicationsPhysical

28 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification ApplicationsPhysicalBehavior

29 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification ApplicationsPhysicalBehaviorConversion

30 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification ApplicationsPhysicalBehaviorConversionApplication

31 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification ApplicationsPhysicalBehaviorConversionApplication Active-Passive

32 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical BehaviorConversionApplication Active-Passive

33 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical BehaviorConversionApplicationMechanical Active-Passive

34 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical BehaviorConversionApplicationMechanicalElectrical Active-Passive

35 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical BehaviorConversionApplicationMechanicalElectrical Active-Passive

 Mechanical elements that are used for converting one form of energy into other form. 36 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation

37 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Classification Physical Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source -

38 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Physical Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Elastic elements that convert the air pressure into displacement, and it is commonly used for the measurement of pressure. Transducer Classification

39 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - This elastic tube converts air pressure to the rotary motion of the pointer used to indicate the pressure. Physical Transducer Classification

40 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - The spring tend to expand when force is applied to them, thus they are used for the measurement of force. Physical Transducer Classification Spring Limit Sensor

41 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Like the springs the proving rings also convert applied force to the displacement. Physical Transducer Classification Used for compression and Tension Measurements

42 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - It converts applied pressure to the displacement. Physical Transducer Classification YOKOGAWA EJX438A Diaphragm Sealed Gauge Pressure Transmitter

43 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Converts the applied pressure into variable displacement of the liquid within it enabling to measure the pressure. Physical Transducer Classification

44 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Produces electric current when one of its end is heated enabling us to measure the temperature. Physical Transducer Classification

45 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Bimetallic strips comprising of two different metals having different coefficient of thermal expansion, joint together to indicates the temperature. Physical Transducer Classification

46 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - These include devices like orifice, venturi, pitot tube, vanes and turbines that are used for measurement of pressure, velocity, flow rate and force of water. Physical Transducer Classification

47 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Mechanical Electrical Bellows Bourdon Tube Spring Proving Rings Diaphragm Manometer Thermocouple Bimetals Hydro-pneumatic Source - Apart from the mechanical transducers mentioned above there are many others like seismic mass, pendulum scale, float etc. Physical Transducer Classification

 Most of the mechanical transducers are used as the primary transducers, meaning the initial input is applied to them, while the output obtained from them can be used directly to measure the quantity or it can be given as input to the secondary transducer, which are mostly of electrical type. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 48

49 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical BehaviorConversionApplicationMechanicalElectrical Active-Passive

 The transducers that convert the mechanical input signals of the physical quantity into electrical output signals.  The input given can be in the form of the displacement, strain, velocity, temperature, flow etc and the output obtained from them can be in the form of current, voltage and change in resistance, inductance and capacitance.  The output can be measured easily and it is calibrated against the input, thus enabling the measurement of the value of the input. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 50

51 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical Behavior ConversionApplication Active-Passive

52 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical Behavior ConversionApplication Sensor Active-Passive

53 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical Behavior ConversionApplicationActuator Sensor Active-Passive

54 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical Behavior ConversionApplicationActuator Sensor Active-Passive

 A sensor (also called detector) is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.  Ex: a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.  Ex: A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter.  For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 55

56 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer PhysicsDefinition Classification Applications Physical Behavior ConversionApplicationActuator Sensor Active-Passive

 An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into some kind of motion.  An actuator is the mechanism by which an agent acts upon an environment. The agent can be either an artificial intelligent agent or any other autonomous being (human, other animal, etc). EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 57

58 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Source – Active-Passive DefinitionApplications

59 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Source – Active-Passive

60 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Antenna Cathode ray tube (CRT) Fluorescent lamp light bulb Magnetic cartridge Photodetector Photoresistor Light dependent resistor (LDR) Tape head Hall effect sensor Source –

61 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: pH probes Electro-galvanic fuel cell Hydrogen sensor Source –

62 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Electroactive polymers Galvanometer Rotary motor, linear motor Vibration powered generator Potentiometer Load cell Accelerometer Strain gauge String potentiometer Air flow sensor Tactile sensor Source –

63 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Loudspeaker, earphone Microphone Pickup (music technology) Tactile transducer Piezoelectric crystal Geophone Gramophone pickup Hydrophone Sonar transponder Source –

64 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Laser diode Light-emitting diode Photodiode Photoresistor Phototransistor Photomultiplier tube Source –

65 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Electrometer Source –

66 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Resistance temperature detector (RTD) Thermocouple Peltier cooler Thermistor Source –

67 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplication Electromagnetic Electrochemical Electromechanical Electroacoustic Photoelectric Electrostatic Thermoelectric Radioacoustic Physical Examples: Geiger–Müller tube Receiver (radio) Source –

68 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionApplications Transducer Physics Classification Behavior Conversion Application Physical Active-Passive

69 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionApplications Transducer Physics Classification Behavior Conversion Application Physical Active-Passive  Pressure  Displacement  Force  Torque  Temperature  Sound  Power  Current  Magnetic Flux  Vibration  Velocity  Light  Position  Humidity  etc.

70 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionApplications Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive

71 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Definition Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive

72 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive

73 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Resistance Variation Type Capacitance Variation Type Inductance Variation Type Voltage and Current Type

74 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Resistance Variation Type Capacitance Variation Type Inductance Variation Type Voltage and Current Type Examples: Resistance Strain Gauge Resistance Thermometer Resistance Hygrometer Hot Wire Meter Photoconductive Cell Thermistor Potentiometer Type Source –

75 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Resistance Variation Type Capacitance Variation Type Inductance Variation Type Voltage and Current Type Examples: Variable Capacitance Pressure Gauge Dielectric Gauge Capacitor Microphone Source –

76 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Resistance Variation Type Capacitance Variation Type Inductance Variation Type Voltage and Current Type Examples: Eddy Current Transducer Variable Reluctance Type Proximity Inductance Type Differential Transformer Magnetostrictive Transducer Source –

77 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation DefinitionActive Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Resistance Variation Type Capacitance Variation Type Inductance Variation Type Voltage and Current Type Examples: Photo-emissive Cell Hall Effect Ionisation Chamber Source –

78 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Definition Active Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Examples: Photo-voltaic Cell Thermopile Piezoelectric Type Moving Coil Type Source –

79 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Definition Active Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Examples: Photo-voltaic Cell Thermopile Piezoelectric Type Moving Coil Type Source –

80 EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Definition Active Transducer Physics Classification Behavior ConversionApplicationPhysical Active-Passive Passive Examples: Photo-voltaic Cell Thermopile Piezoelectric Type Moving Coil Type Source –