Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure 5th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustaniability, IWA 8. - 11. November 2005 in Jeju, Korea IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

content of the presentation Introduction content of the presentation what is ecosan? wastewater = water and more benefits of ecosan range of technologies and basic project types holistic sanitation and reuse planning and implementation HCES and Bellagio principles stakeholder participation 10 step ecosan project planning and implementation process some ecosan pilot projects challenges and conclusion IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation Introduction to ecosan shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation fertilizer production from finite resources food overexploitation of groundwater Mixing of flowstreams, misuse of drinking water for transport waste disposal in water bodies sewage sludge 90% untreated IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Introduction to ecosan shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Polluted groundwater Nitrates Viruses Pathogens IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

between sanitation and agriculture Introduction to ecosan principles of ecosan closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture FOOD NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture Introduction to ecosan closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture rainwater harvesting restoring soil fertility food agricultural use manure/ organic waste faeces greywater urine treatment / hygienization /energy production water reuse no waste disposal in water bodies IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

advantages of ecological sanitation Introduction to ecosan advantages of ecological sanitation Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity Conservation of resources Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach Material flow cycle instead of disposal IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

Ecological sanitation… Introduction to ecosan ecosan principles Ecological sanitation… … is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal …considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered. IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

composition of household wastewater Introduction to ecosan composition of household wastewater Organics kg COD/ (Person·year) 12.3 3.6 14.1 Nutrient content kg N,P,K / (Person·year) N P K 0.8 5.3 1.0 10.000 – 200.000 l 500 l 50 l Volume Liter / (Person·year) source: Otterpohl IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

separation of substances Introduction to ecosan separation of substances urine (yellowwater) liquid or dry fertiliser hygienisation by storage or drying faeces (brownwater) anaerobic digestion, drying, composting biogas, soil improvement constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membrane- technology greywater (shower, washing, etc.) irrigation, groundwater- recharge or direct reuse filtration, biological treatment rainwater water supply, groundwater- recharge composting, anaerobic digestion organic waste manure soil improvement, biogas substances treatment utilisation IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

excreta are a valuable resource million tons per year (as N + P2O5 + K2O) 135 50 www.fertilizer.org more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be covered by the reuse of human excreta over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed down the toilet IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

benefits of ecological sanitation safe sanitation healthy environment souce: www.virtualmuseum.ca source: Johannes Heeb ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

benefits of ecological sanitation restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse improved soil quality through reuse of organics faeces & urine urine none source: Petter Jenssen source: Vinnerås, 2003 compost improved soil untreated soil after one week without water IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

benefits of ecological sanitation source: Petter Jenssen recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country) energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment reuse of water IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

centralised and decentralized systems Introduction to ecosan centralised and decentralized systems Centralized Partially decentralized Fully decentralized source: Larsen, 2001 centralized sewer system and treatment recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through reuse of wastewater e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater centralized nutrient processing facility centralized greywater sewer system and treatment small-scale closed cycles of water and materials IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

overview of ecosan technology-components ecosan technologies overview of ecosan technology-components IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

basic types of ecosan projects ecosan pilot projects basic types of ecosan projects IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

ecosan project planning new aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects the integration of other relevant sectors in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work: agriculture sector (reuse), water supply, urban planning, solid waste management the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions (technical, institutional, financial) the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the users of the sanitary facilities,service providers and the end users of the recyclates. supply of relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice” the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach Introduction to ecosan ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach Climate protection Resource conservation Business and labour promotion Flood protection ecosan Food security Integrated Water Resources Management Sustainable agriculture + Conservation of soil fertility Health IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

  Stakeholders in an ecosan project urban flat ( II ) User of recyclates ( IV ) NGOs  ( IX ) Research Institutions ( I ) Users of Sanitation facilities ( VIII ) Financial ( V ) Local authorities, governments  ( VII ) Developers & Investors ( VI ) Service providers ( III ) CBOs and self- help groups household in an urban flat (peri )urban household Tourists, students, employees, etc. Rural Providers for collection treatment and transport Educational institutions Consultant companies Supplier of water gas and electricity Construction companies maintenance companies Producers/ provider of equipment Distributors and marketers of recyclates Stakeholders in an ecosan project IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

The HCES approach (WSSCC) ecosan project planning The HCES approach (WSSCC) Participation of stakeholders Level of problem solving Regarding excreta and wastewater as ressources HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

10 ecosan project steps ecosan project planning GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and participatory planning in ecosan projects, based on the HCES-implementation guideline of the WSSCC Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc.) 10 ecosan project steps Step 0 – Raising awareness Step 1 - Request for assistance Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process Step 3 - Assessment of current status and stakeholders Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user and reuser needs Step 5 - Identification of sanitation and reuse options Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area Step 9 – Implementation Start-up phase Awareness raising Feasibility- Study Detailed technical & operational plans Tendering, con- struction, ope- ration, maintenance IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

10 ecosan project steps (0-5) ecosan project planning 10 ecosan project steps (0-5) IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

10 ecosan project steps (6-9) ecosan project planning 10 ecosan project steps (6-9) IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe ecosan pilot projects Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe Arborloo: a simple pit latrine for ecological sanitation practices Arborloo principle Arborloo construction work Arborloo in Mondoro IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua ecosan pilot projects ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China (supported by SIDA and Unicef) Large ecosan project in the phase of up-scaling 1997, pilot project funded by SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village 1998, 10.000 urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi 2002, 100.000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi 2003, 685.000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health) Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

KfW building, Germany ecosan concept since 2003: Greywater recycling ecosan pilot projects KfW building, Germany ecosan concept since 2003: Greywater recycling Rainwater harvesting Vacuum blackwater collection, eventually to be followed by anaerobic treatment IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

GTZ main office building renovations, Germany ecosan pilot projects GTZ main office building renovations, Germany Urine separation and collection Research on: acceptance and technical function of urine separation different treatment options and agricultural use of urine biomembrane treatment and hygienisation of brownwater GTZ headquarter Eschborn, Germany Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

main challenges increasing awareness integration of reuse into planning revision of legal frameworks & technical standards establishment of compara-tive full cost, benefit and risk assessments finding innovative investors and adapting financing instruments implementation of large scale urban projects source: Petter Jenssen Greywater treatment in Norway IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

conclusion “business as usual“ will not allow us to meet the sanitation MGDs, as conventional systems have failed we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources ecological sanitation - comprising the reuse of water, nutrients, organics and energy - must be recognized and introduced as the new promising holistic and sustainable approach to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain our natural basis of life on earth IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005