Terry Chandler Power Quality Inc, USA Power Quality Thailand LTD Sept /6/20091www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Definitions A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug /6/20092www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

NIST SmartGrid Conceptual model 9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve3

9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve4 Taxonomy of SmartGrid ( the practice and science of classification) Compliments of GTW Research

Why do we need SmartGrid? 9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve5

Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” 9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve6

9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve7 What is Power Quality? The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. Terry Chandler PQI 1995

June of 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy list for Smart Grid 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 9/6/20098www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve9 PQ/PR issues for Utility side Voltage stability Voltage sags From transmission From Distribution From other loads Voltage transients Lightning Switching grid Power Factor Capacitor switching Voltage imbalance/unbalance Frequency Phase shifts

9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve10 Utility PQ issues II Harmonics (Voltage) Non-linear loads Saturated transformers System impedance Interharmonics Flicker Varying loads Varying voltage

9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve11 Power Quality parameters User Side Voltage, Sag and surges, micro-outages Sine wave waveshape, transients Voltage imbalance Harmonics Electrical system design and construction. Grounding

What is driving the SmartGrid ? 1. Growing Energy Demand 2. Energy Security 3. GHG Reduction (Green House Gas) 4. Economic Growth (Business opportunities) 5. Policy and Regulation (Government direction) 6. Technology Advancement 7. Increased Efficiency Through Grid Optimization 8. Economic stimulus investment 9. Digital economy power quality 9/6/200912www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

The Smart grid utilizes technology in three important ways: 1) Automating the grid to harden it and make it less costly to operate. 2) Integrating the electric grid to create an end-to-end network for quickly acquiring and transporting data from millions of end points 3) Expanding the value of the grid beyond typical utility needs to support new services and new markets offered by energy retailers. 9/6/200913www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Event Avoidance to improve PR/PQ Remote load profiling/management Automatic Grid event diagnostics Advanced data analysis Grid condition sensing and predictive response 9/6/200914www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Self-Healing Grid (improve PR) Improved asset management/visibility Real-time grid condition monitoring Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. 9/6/200915www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Self healing grid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Transformer load management, near real time Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating 9/6/200916www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Advanced Meter Infrastructure Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors and PQMS Meter interrogation Meter with load connect/disconnect Outage notification Two-way communications with meters Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. 9/6/200917www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Modern Grid Team 2006 “ Reliable with quality” Safe Secure Economic Efficient Environmentally friendly 9/6/200918www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Comparison Current Grid to Smart Grid 9/6/200919www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Today’s Grid vs Smart Grid 9/6/2009www.powerquality.org all rights reserve20

Compare the reliability Fixed line telephony 21www.powerquality.org all rights reserve9/6/2009

How will Smart Grid affect Power Quality Frequent switching of the grid will Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used) Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients Voltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sources 9/6/200922www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Harmonics affected by Smart Grid Voltage Harmonic levels Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance. As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. 9/6/200923www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

SmartGrid and voltage sags Interconnection of distribution substations Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. 9/6/200924www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

PQ changes with SmartGrid 9/6/200925www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Conclusions Short term affects As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. 9/6/200926www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Conclusions Long Term GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better 9/6/200927www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

References THE SMART GRID IN 2010: MARKET SEGMENTS, APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRY PLAYERS DAVID J. LEEDS | GTM RESEARCH smart-grid smart-grid le_177.html le_177.html 9/6/200928www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

Thank You 9/6/200929www.powerquality.org all rights reserve