The Smart Grid Power Quality Power Reliability Terry Chandler Power Quality Inc, USA Power Quality Thailand LTD Sept all rights reserve 1

SmartGrid A smart grid is neither a clearly defined single concept nor a single technology. Rather it is like a basket containing various combinations of balls. The context and the interpretation depend upon the user. A smart grid is neither a clearly defined single concept nor a single technology. Rather it is like a basket containing various combinations of balls. The context and the interpretation depend upon the user. Carnegie Mellon University USACarnegie Mellon University USA all rights reserve 2

Utility perspective Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” all rights reserve 3

What is a Smart grid? “ Smart grid” generally refers to a class of technology people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two-way communication technology and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. 4 all rights reserve

Definitions A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug 2009Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug all rights reserve 5

NIST SmartGrid Conceptual model all rights reserve 6

Why do we need SmartGrid? Improve efficiencies. all rights reserve 7

SmartGrid changes and PQ Interconnects at multiple levels Interconnects at multiple levels Changes in the network in real time will affect many customers and network operations will become more complex. Changes in the network in real time will affect many customers and network operations will become more complex. These will require products to isolate the faults quickly and without network disruption. These will require products to isolate the faults quickly and without network disruption. Products that can predict failures before the happen or isolate before damage occurs will be in high demand. Products that can predict failures before the happen or isolate before damage occurs will be in high demand. 8 all rights reserve

Why do we need SmartGrid? Improve reliability! Sept 8 th 2011 a Blackout occurred that affected 5 Million customers in SW USA. Sept 8 th 2011 a Blackout occurred that affected 5 Million customers in SW USA. It started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZIt started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZ It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca and all the border communities in between.It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca and all the border communities in between. This caused an overload on the remaining transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped.This caused an overload on the remaining transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped. This removed a large percentage of the load from the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It shut down two generatorsThis removed a large percentage of the load from the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It shut down two generators Blackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hoursBlackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hours all rights reserve 9

Approximate area of blackout 5 Million people, blackout for up to 12 hours. 5 Million people, blackout for up to 12 hours. all rights reserve 10

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Blackout Sept 8 th San Diego Ca. USA (Cause?) The Arizona Public Service Co. worker was switching out a capacitor, which controls voltage levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near the California border. Shortly after, a section of a major regional transmission line failed The Arizona Public Service Co. worker was switching out a capacitor, which controls voltage levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near the California border. Shortly after, a section of a major regional transmission line failed all rights reserve 13

Cost of reliability for this outage $100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht $100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht all rights reserve 14

Could the SmartGrid have prevented this Massive Blackout? Yes, (if not prevented it could have reduced the impact and dramatically improved the restoration time) Yes, (if not prevented it could have reduced the impact and dramatically improved the restoration time) How? Communication! How? Communication! between the loss of transmission line and automatic load shedding.between the loss of transmission line and automatic load shedding. between the North Transmission line and Nuclear generators that the load would be restored quickly.between the North Transmission line and Nuclear generators that the load would be restored quickly. Communication to users that power would be restored quickly.Communication to users that power would be restored quickly. all rights reserve 15

What is Power Quality? The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. Terry Chandler PQI 1995Terry Chandler PQI all rights reserve 16

June of 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy list for Smart Grid 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. (Green) 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. (Green) 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 4 Improve reliability (outage seconds/minutes) 4 Improve reliability (outage seconds/minutes) all rights reserve 17 Power reliability = outage > than 2 seconds PQ = the value of voltage and other parameters

PQ/PR issues for Utility side As Bill Howe presented, in general improving reliability decreases the Quality of Supply. As Bill Howe presented, in general improving reliability decreases the Quality of Supply. Voltage sags increase due to network connectionsVoltage sags increase due to network connections Harmonics will change when switching sourcesHarmonics will change when switching sources Voltage transients Voltage transients Lightning (better protection)Lightning (better protection) Switching grid will increaseSwitching grid will increase Power Factor Capacitor switching IncreasePower Factor Capacitor switching Increase Voltage unbalance, change as source changes Voltage unbalance, change as source changes Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded Phase shifts maybe more frequent when switching sources Phase shifts maybe more frequent when switching sources all rights reserve 18

Event Avoidance to improve PR/PQ Remote load profiling/management Remote load profiling/management Automatic Grid event diagnostics Automatic Grid event diagnostics Advanced data analysis Advanced data analysis Grid condition sensing and predictive response Grid condition sensing and predictive response all rights reserve 19

Self-Healing Grid (improve PR) Improved asset management/visibility Improved asset management/visibility Real-time grid condition monitoring Real-time grid condition monitoring Increase reliability, increase information aIncrease reliability, increase information a Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. It will decrease the Quality of Supply by increasing the number of switching transientsIt will decrease the Quality of Supply by increasing the number of switching transients all rights reserve 20

Self healing grid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Transformer load management, near real time Transformer load management, near real time Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating all rights reserve 21

Advanced Meter Infrastructure Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS Meter with load connect/disconnect Meter with load connect/disconnect Automatic outage notification Automatic outage notification Two-way communications with meters Two-way communications with meters Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. all rights reserve 22

Today’s Grid vs Smart Grid all rights reserve 23

Compare the reliability all rights reserve 24 Fixed line telephony

How will Smart Grid affect Power Quality Frequent switching of the grid will Frequent switching of the grid will Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used)Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used) Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients Voltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sourcesVoltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sources all rights reserve 25

Harmonics affected by Smart Grid Voltage Harmonic levels Voltage Harmonic levels Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance.Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance. As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. all rights reserve 26

SmartGrid and voltage sags Interconnection of distribution substations Interconnection of distribution substations Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. all rights reserve 27

PQ changes with SmartGrid all rights reserve 28

Conclusions Short term affects As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. all rights reserve 29

Conclusions Long Term GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better all rights reserve 30

References definition-smart-grid definition-smart-grid definition-smart-grid definition-smart-grid ublish/article_177.html ublish/article_177.html ublish/article_177.html ublish/article_177.html all rights reserve 31

Information sources for SmartGrid factsheet.cfm factsheet.cfm factsheet.cfm factsheet.cfm rnMore rnMore rnMore rnMore 32 all rights reserve

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