ENGLAND

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English Unique Character Island isolated Not conquered since 1066 Tradition of change, not brought on by others Compromise between ruler and rules –What’s best for nation –No compromise= revolution Magna Carta

The War of the Roses and Henry Tudor

War of the Roses Civil War –After 100 Years War with France Dispute: 2 branches of royal family claimed throne –House of York (white rose/purity) –House of Lancaster (red rose/bravery) Bloody family quarrel

The Course of the War War continued through Henry VI, Edward IV, Richard III Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth –Last Medieval king New English order under Henry VII –Connected to both families by marriage –Pink rose (combo)

Rule of Henry Tudor Chief minister= middle class ($) Justice of Peace= local landowners Made himself richest man in England –Money from feudal dues –Taxes on imported goods (trade) –Avoided war (military expenditures –Destroyed power of nobles (outlawed private armies) –Nobility killed off: 100 Yrs. War, War of Roses

Court of Star Chamber Secret court violated fairness Tortured citizens –Accepted since it kept peace Vigilantism –Magna Carta- limit on King’s power, nobles wanted rights Henry died leaving English peaceful and prosperous

Henry VIII and the Anglican Church

The Heirs… Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation Mary I (had been cloistered= bitter) –Wife of Philip II –King of Spain/ Queen of England- children become rulers of both –Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy –Pope put back, undo reforms –Problem- people did not want to return to Catholicism

The Rule of Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth’s Qualities… Fierce temper Crude Educated Witty

Early Troubles Refusal to marry- preserve own power and for the Good of England Religion Rival queen Spanish Finances

Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth and Religion Royal policy was in constant flux Est. state church moderate Catholics and Protestants would accept 1559 Act of Uniformity- national church est. similar to Henry VIII –Required to attend services

Elizabeth and Religion 1559 New Act of Supremacy- Elizabeth made Supreme Governor of England’s state and church institutions Priests allowed to marry, sermons in English (VERNACULAR) Keeps richness of Catholicism Cared more about loyalty than religion

Mary Stuart Plots… Catholics wanted Mary Stuart to be queen –Supported by Spain and Pope 1567 Mary escapes to England when Scots (converted by Knox) revolt 1587-Executed for plotting against Elizabeth

Philip and Spain Threaten… Relation between Spain and England worsen after Mary I dies Philip wanted to marry Elizabeth –She promised after mourning period- diplomatic advantage Spanish Armada defeated –Tilbury speech

Financial Troubles Desire to start exploration as a source of money –Businesses grow, import taxes, exports –Joint-stock cos strengthen economy- Commercial Revolution –Cities grow Financial problems led to problems with Parliament

Elizabeth and Money Tight fisted ($ came through Parliament) Wanted to keep money and power (not give to Parliament) Need money for navy not army –She expects people to fight Uses bribery/promises of marriage to get way with Parliament

Later Problems… Puritans (political group) not happy with religious policies –House of Commons (active in politics) –Away from moderation to strict church –No persecution of Puritans until after Civil War

Elizabethan England

1500’s Golden Age Economically, politically. Culturally Inspired by Spanish Armada 1588 London was most populated city in Europe –Center of trade and Commercial Revolution –Rich v. poor (disparity) England is strengthened –London Bridge- architectural achievement

The Arts Theatre becomes popular Art promoted –Focus on literature (unlike Italy) William Shakespeare Humanistic tragedies attract people 1576 James Burbage- 1 st fixed theatre

Thursday Questions Get into Groups 4 Timelines 4 SPRITE 2 Essays Read and Highlite Tilbury

Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

James I Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin) Issue- Power of Parliament Believed in absolute rule –Divine Right- authority from God –Answer only to God King James Bible- retranslation in response to conflict w/ Puritans

James I

Quarrels with Parliament Elizabeth left debt Parliament would not give money- James would not bargain Puritans wanted him to make Church of England less Catholic

Charles I Son of James I Divine Right ruler Quarrels with Parliament over $ –1626 War with Spain forced him to Parliament- dismisses when funds refused –1626/27- War with France- forces knights and nobles to loan $ (imprisons the unwilling) and quarters troops in private homes

Charles I

Problems continue… 1628 Charles recalls Parliament- financial need –Money be given in return for Petition of Right Petition of Right –Parliament’s consent for taxes –Imprison only with cause –No martial law in peacetime –No quartering of soldiers

Problems continue… Petition accepted- not believed it would be followed 1629 Result- Parliament dissolved (not called for 11 years) –King gained money through fines and fees (believed acts of treason) Result: popularity declined

Charles I and Religion Religious policies would get him beheaded Puritans upset (many fled) William Laud (believed to secretly be Catholic) –Forced Scots (Presbyterians) to follow Church of England –Scots threatened invasion

Charles I and Religion Charles calls Parliament –Why? Needed resources for war –Response? Parliament refuses unless King addresses their demands –Results? King dissolves Parliament (Short Parliament) –Scots invade defeat English- Charles gives in

Charles I and Religion Charles forced to call Parliament for money to meet new threat –Long Parliament –Parliament limits Kings power- consent for taxes, Parliament meetings, Court of Star Chamber –Revolt in Ireland- $ for suppression Parliament further divided

Charles I and Religion Raid on House of Commons fails- people upset King abandons house- goes north to prepare army (1642)

Monday Staple cover sheet to DBQ Exchange Papers Peer Grade DBQ Calendar Homework Wednesday

English Civil War

The 2 sides: –Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church officials) –Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants Roundheads- money Cavaliers- experienced military, 75% of land 1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of Roundheads (believed they had God’s support)

Oliver Cromwell

English Civil War Most people did NOT get involved in war –Destruction of war- people become more radical 1646 Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the King’s forces –Tried to disband army- job was done –Strongly radical Puritan, more radical than Parliament

English Civil War Result: some Parliament members join up with king –Cromwell defeated them & took King captive Cromwell and army march to London –143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled (Pride’s Purge) –Charles I tried & beheaded /Rump Parliament First time Monarch tried with official execution

Cromwell 1653 Cromwell drafted constitution (1 st written constitution in major European nation) Republic under Cromwell as “Lord Protector” –Military dictatorship Puritans impose beliefs (people upset)

Charles II and James II’s Rule Lead to the Glorious Revolution

Charles II and Restoration Monarchy restored Not a Divine Right Ruler ( ) Middle ground with religion –Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics created problems with Parliament –Church of England- only legal religion

Charles II

Charles II and Restoration 1679 Parliament passes “Habeas Corpus”- guarantees freedoms (right to trial) –No more arrests for opposition to monarch Money and religion will ruin him (same as father and grandfather)

Charles II and Money Not enough money from Parliament Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for money –Secret agreement: Charles would become Catholic in future

Charles II and Religion People knew of Charles’ Catholic tendencies NO HEIR (son)- brother James II (heir) was openly Catholic Led to formation of political parties –Whigs- James’ opponents –Tories- James’ supporters

Read 453 During Whose Rule Argument POV Commonwealth

James II Divine Right Ruler- no consent from Parliament Had Tories support until he appointed Catholics to high office –Violate laws passed by Restoration Parliament –Reaction: James dissolves Parliament and won’t call another

James II

Unhappy Protestants 1687 James announces govt. posts open to Catholics and Protestants 13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change state religion to Catholicism 1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of kings (second wife)

Protestants’ Plan Mary, daughter of first wife, married to William of Orange – invited to overthrow James II –They accepted Nobody tried to stop William and troops –James left for France –Glorious Revolution (bloodless) William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling

Growth of Parliament’s Power

Parliament is Strengthened Puritans offended by Elizabeth –Active in politics: House of Commons spoke up Stepped up more with rule of Charles II (not Divine Right ruler) Got involved over successor of James II –Went to William and Mary: around power of king

Under William and Mary 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights –Things ruler could NOT do –Parliament had certain rights: –Laws could not be suspended –Approval of taxes –Freedom of speech –No standing army –No excessive bail

British Government

Great Britain Ireland Scotland Wales England

Constitutional Monarchy

Began – 1688 Glorious Rev. Most Progressive Ruler limited by law Monarch needed Parliament’s consent Parliament needed monarch’s consent

Previous Limits 1215 Magna Carta –King John limits king’s power English Bill of Rights –Secured Constitutional Monarchy

The English Cabinet

The Cabinet Executive Committee –Originally temporary –Acted in ruler’s name –Only represented majority party Why: Stalemate possible b/w Parliament and Monarch

The Cabinet Began: Wm. and Mary –Most influential ministers –Appointed and dismissed at will –End of rule: for support chose majority party members (Whigs) –Assured king majority vote –*Cabinet now link b/w king and Parliament

Rise of the Prime Minister

Background 1 minister dominated cabinet during Hanoverian Dynasty –German dynasty –Last Stuart Anne died 1714 George I & II- little English, no interest in British affairs –Lack of knowledge- leads to reliance on ministers

Prime Minster Emerges Sir Robert Walpole –1721 George I appts. him first Lord of the Treasury – unofficial ruler of Britain –First Prime Minister –Set pattern for modern British politics

The System Cabinet – center of power and policy making Leader of majority party in Parliament led cabinet as prime minister

George III Tried to take back power US issue- “No taxation w/out representation” –Average GB citizens did not have these rights Ulterior motive- break away from mercantilism

A Summary Works best if only 2 parties Advantages –Executive, majority party will get legislation passed Disadvantages –Minority has little say –Possibility of frequent elections (party not support PM, party balance)

British Reform Legislation

Reform Bill 1832 Why: pressure from merchants & factory owners Purpose: set up new districts for electing members of Parliament –Old districts- medieval villages now empty (owner had vote) –New cities (Manchester, Sheffield) no elected reps (grew after districts formed)

Reform Bill 1832 Significance –End to injustice- new cities got vote –More men gained suffrage (men who paid certain amount in rent gained vote, not just landowners) –Most all middle class voted now –20% voting (2x’s more)

Reform Act of 1867 Why: Growing prosperity & social responsibility of working class –Some politicians convinced to extend suffrage –Reform League (John Bright)- pushed Parliamentary action

Reform Act of Lord Russell introduces idea- defeated by Conservatives & antidemocratic Liberals Conservative Disraeli (led House of Commons) gets bill passed –Accepted liberal amendments –Voting 1,43 mil to 2.47 mil (working class)

Reform Act of 1867 Disraeli wanted Conservatives to get support of new voters –Saw change inevitable- let Conservatives get credit (responsive to social change) –Believed growing mid class would be Conservative

Disraeli v. Gladstone

Gladstone Liberal PM –Began as a Conservative Wanted old institutions opened –1870 Exams for Civil Service –1871 Abolished purchase of officers’ commission –1872 Secret Ballot –Anglican requirement dropped for universities

Gladstone Education Act of 1870 –Govt. est. and run elementary schools (instead of church) –Church had been given little money= inadequate schools –NO education in areas no church –Why? Democracy does NOT work with society of illiterates

Gladstone Goals: –Remove old abuses without destroying existing institutions –Citizens compete on ability Recognizes trade unions Stress individualism, free trade, competition (solve social probs) Significance- state-building brings loyalty

Disraeli Conservative PM Favored paternalistic legislation Action: few specific programs Richard Cross- Home Sec. –Responsible for social legislation

Disraeli 1875 Public Health Act- –state interfere on private property in matters of health, well-being 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act- –State provide housing to working class 1875 Conservatives offer protections to trade unions –Allowed to strike

Loss of Power by House of Lords

David Lloyd George Liberal Minister of Finance Prime Minister Social Welfare

Social Welfare Program Old-age pensions Accident/illness insurance for workers Unemployment benefits FUNDING: income taxes (wealthy) –“People’s Budget”

People’s Budget Only House of Commons passed **Issue- place of House of Lords in British govt. –Liberals want to limit power –Liberals win next 2 elections but lords refuse reforms –King threatened to appt. new liberal- minded lords (pass reform) –Lords vote to limit own power

People’s Budget Resolved- House of Lords only delay bills passed by House of Commons –After 2 yrs. bills become law **One step closer to fully democratic govt.

Irish Question

The Basics Ireland controlled by British for nearly 300 years –1801- directly from London 1870’s Irish nationalists seek home rule –Irish Home Rule Party- seek independence Liberals support home rule –Gladstone’s bills defeated

Read 811 Argument POV

Issues Prices of farm products drop –1000’s can’t pay rent –2000 families pushed out of homes – Angry farmers, nationalists become violent ’s- Protestants and Catholics work together for home rule

A Change 1900’s Irish Protestants turn against home rule –Lived in N. Ireland (Ulster) –Fear being a minority 1914 Home Rule bill passed –WWI broke put month before bill to take effect

Social Issues Anglo Saxons (British)- English Celts (Irish)- Gaelic English see Irish as inferior, lazy people (treat poorly) English- Protestant Irish- Catholic (no representation, no vote)

Political Issues Protestants (minority) and Catholics (majority) –Who control govt? –Home Rule? 1936 Ireland gained independence (N. Ireland independent for Protestants)

Economic Issues Gladstone –Tenant Laws- land back to Irish –Henry & Elizabeth- bought out Irish land & est. British farms –Cromwell finished conquest Irish wanted British landlords out

British Empire

Empire Colonies key to prosperity- benefit Britain –Mercantilism 1700’s- focus is on gaining & controlling colonies 1763 British strongest colonial and navel power in Europe

Empire Size Extending on Indian subcontinent N. America- east of Mississippi Islands in Caribbean- SUGAR Canada- largest part of Empire Navigation Laws 1660 & tight control of colonies