Integrating a gender perspective in work and labour market statistics Elisa Benes, ILO Department of Statistics contact: Pacific Region Workshops on: Gender Statistics 4 – 6 August 2014, Nadi, Fiji

What the statistics show… ILO Department of Statistics 2 TOTALURBANRURAL Men Women Men Women Men Women

Gender mainstreaming in work statistics -What does it mean? Process of evaluating & improving existing data to enhance its capacity to reflect differences & similarities between women & men in the world of work ILO Department of Statistics 3

Integrating a gender perspective in work statistics ILO Department of Statistics 4 Identify gender issues Assess sources Available data Assess quality Improve concepts, methods Analysis Presentation Dissemination Users Producers Identify data needs Gaps

How to make work statistics more gender relevant? A.Ensure comprehensive coverage of gender issues –Producing data disaggregated by sex is not enough! –Identify gender issues in the world of work –Identify available data sources & gaps B.Improve quality of work statistics from a gender perspective –Frameworks, concepts, definitions that recognize differences –Methods that reduce underreporting & misclassification C.Facilitate understanding of gender differences –Highlight gender issues in presentation of data –Often requires detailed disaggregation to identify differences

Scope & objectives of work statistics Identify gender issues Identify data needs to address gender issues Assess existing sources of data A. Ensure comprehensive coverage ILO Department of Statistics 6

Work & Labour market statistics: Scope and objectives (19 th ICLS, 2013) Describe and monitor labour markets –Participation in employment, characteristics, working conditions –Extent of underutilization, labour market access and integration Measure & participation in all forms of work (paid & unpaid) –Contribution to economy (national accounts / satellite accounts) –Contribution to household livelihoods and wellbeing Assess differences in participation –Urban / rural, women / men, children / youth / adults, etc. ILO Department of Statistics 7

-Levels & patterns of work and labour market participation -Characteristics of the work -Working conditions -Contributions & returns from work Gender differences Data needs Forms of work performed (paid & unpaid) Labour force status Barriers to labour force entry Occupation, industry, employment status Union membership Occupational injuries Earnings, working time, benefits, social security Identify gender issues Education Family constraints Intra-household & gender roles Community expectations Access to physical & financial assets Discrimination on the job market And in the workplace -Age, sex, education, marital status -Family constraints (presence of children by age groups, other dependent members, child care…) -Area context (urban /rural, regions) -Personal ownership of assets (land, livestock) -Employment experience, seniority Personal & context variables

Identify gender issues: 4 dimensions 1. Forms of work (paid & unpaid) carried out 2. Labour market access / exit 3. Characteristics and conditions of work 4. Contributions and returns for their work ILO Department of Statistics 9

1. Forms of work (paid & unpaid) carried out Do they engage in work for pay or profit? –Employment Do they provide unpaid household services? –Own-use providers of services Do they engage in subsistence agriculture, fishing? –Own-use producers of goods, subsistence foodstuff producers Do they participate in unpaid community / village work? –Volunteer work

Illustration: Forms of work ILO Department of Statistics 11

2. Labour market access Do they have work for pay / profit ? –Employment Do they look / are available for work for pay / profit? –Unemployment Do they work for pay /profit or look for work? –Labour force Do they enter and exit the labour market? –Labour turnover, life cycle patterns

Illustration: Labour force participation rate by sex and age group ILO Department of Statistics 13

Illustration: Unemployment rate by sex and age group ILO Department of Statistics 14 TOTAL

15 3. Characteristics & conditions of their work Tasks & duties in their job - occupations Kind of goods / services produced - industries Employment relationship - status in employment Security and stability – contract type, duration Type of employer - institutional sector Type of establishment –formal, informal, household Type of place where they work - place of work Hazardousness of their work – occupational injuries, illnesses Voice and representation– union density, collective agreements Benefits provided -social security coverage, maternity leave

ILO Department of Statistics 16 Illustration: Occupations with highest concentration of women / men

17 4. Contributions & returns for their work Working time –Hours worked, working time arrangements Income from employment –Wages, salaries, commissions, tips –Profits / losses –Overtime payments, other regular & irregular payments –Social security benefits Contribution to households, community & economy –Value of production for own-final use –Value of paid and unpaid work to national production & satellite accounts

Illustration: time spent on paid and unpaid work ILO Department of Statistics 18

ILO Department of Statistics 19

ILO Department of Statistics 20 Official sources of work statistics Different sources exist, with different purposes – Population and housing census – Household surveys –Labour force surveys (LFS) –Household income & expenditure surveys (HIES) –Time-use surveys (TUS) – Establishment-based censuses & surveys – Administrative records

ILO Department of Statistics 21 Official sources of work statistics: Relevance for gender statistics (I) Population and housing census –Every 10 years –Produces benchmark statistics –Can produce statistics for small areas and small groups –Covers only core topics on economic characteristics Form of work performed (new!) Labour force status (employed, unemployed, outside the labour force) Core characteristics of main job: Occupation, industry, status in employment, institutional sector, place of work Generally no information on conditions of work (informal jobs, benefits), contributions (working time), or returns (income from employment)

ILO Department of Statistics 22 Official sources of work statistics: Relevance for gender statistics (II) Labour force surveys Best suited for detailed assessment & to monitor changes overtime Ideally conducted on a sub-annual or annual basis Can cover a variety of work-related topics through modules Household income & expenditure surveys (HIES) Essential to assess household poverty Usually conducted every 5-years Time-use surveys (TUS) Provides detailed information on time spent in all activities, including work (paid and unpaid) and non-work activities Often conducted on an ad-hoc basis ALL: Level of detailed statistics limited by sample design / size

ILO Department of Statistics 23 Official sources of work statistics: Relevance for gender statistics (III) Establishment-based censuses & surveys Good source of statistics wages, but often restricted to formal employment Essential for information on entrepreneurship, business operations Limited coverage Often data provided at aggregate level by type of worker Administrative records Coverage restricted to registered population Good source for statistics on public sector employment, incl. wages In PIC: Potential source on population covered by social security, participants migrant workers schemes Often limited topic coverage (few personal/family details)

Frameworks, concepts, definitions that recognize gender differences Methods that reduce underreporting & misclassification Improve quality of work statistics ILO Department of Statistics 24

New work statistics framework (Resolution I, 19 th ICLS, 2013) Replaces previous international statistical standards on –Economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment (13 th ICLS, 1982) To become the reference framework –For work and labour market statistics in decades to come Address gender bias in recognition of ALL work (paid and unpaid) –Make visible participation patterns & quantify contributions Inform policies targeting different forms of work, paid & unpaid –Working conditions, remuneration, social protection, work life balance, social inclusion & cohesion Contribute to post 2015 development agenda –Inclusive, sustainable development policies, job growth ILO Department of Statistics 25

Work 1 st international statistical definition (I) “Any activity performed by persons of any sex and age to produce goods or provide services for use by others or for own use” Para 6,Resol I. (19 th ICLS, 2013) ILO Department of Statistics 26 Recognizes ALL productive activities as Work Whether formal, informal, legal, illegal Linked to General production boundary Concept for reference purposes Note: WORK ≠ Employment

“Work” and the SNA ILO Department of Statistics 27 Activities Productive activities Market units Incorporated, unincorporated Goods Services Non-market units Government, Non-profit institutions Services Goods Households producing for own final use Goods Services Non-productive activities Self-care Sleeping Learning Own-recreation Begging General production boundary SNA production boundary New concept of “Work” == productive activities Previous activity scope for “employment”

Services Goods produced and/or processed for storage: –From agriculture, fishing, hunting, gathering –From mining, forestry, incl. firewood, other fuels Fetching of water Household goods manufactured –Furniture, textiles, clothing, pottery Build own dwelling, major repairs Goods Managing the household and accounts Buying goods, transporting them Preparing food, serving meals, recycling, throwing the rubbish Cleaning, maintaining household premises, fixtures, other goods, decorating, gardening Caring for children (including instruction) or elderly members, transporting them, caring for pets Examples of activities for own final use

Forms of Work (III): 5 distinguished By main intended destination & transaction type ILO Department of Statistics 29 Work (i.e. ALL activities to produce goods and services) For own final use (by households) Own-use production work For use by others (i.e. other units) For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit) Employment (work for pay or profit) Without remuneration Unpaid trainee work Other work activities (e.g. unpaid compulsory work) Volunteer work Services GoodsSGS G G S Services Goods

Forms of work (III): Basic concepts Own-use production work –Activities to produce goods & services mainly for own final use by household Employment work –Activities to produce goods & services [for others in exchange] for pay or profit Unpaid trainee work –Activities to produce goods & services for others performed without pay in order to acquire workplace experience or skills Volunteer work – Non-compulsory activities performed without pay to produce goods and services for others Other work activities –E.g. Compulsory activities performed without pay to produce goods & services for others ILO Department of Statistics 30

Usefulness of new framework ILO Department of Statistics Multiple activities of women & men 2. Household allocation of labour, contribution to livelihoods 3. Assessment of labour market participation & integration by persons in forms of work other than employment

Illustration: Participation of WAP in different forms of work (%) ILO Department of Statistics 32

Illustration –Multiple work activities: Employment & Own-use production of goods ILO Department of Statistics 33

Illustration: Own use providers of services by sex and activity cluster (%WAP) ILO Department of Statistics 34 Source: ILO calculations based on national data (LFS-CWIQ, 2010) Most unpaid household services predominantly performed by women, except for household repairs

Classifications of the Working Age Population By Labour force status –For labour market monitoring –Assessed in a short reference period –Based on activity principle, 1-hr criterion, priority rule By Main form of work –For social analysis –As self-declared

New labour force status classification Classify the population into 3 mutually exclusive & exhaustive groups Based on activity principle, priority rule & 1 hour criterion ILO Department of Statistics 36 Total population Employed (for pay / profit) Unemployed Outside Labour Force Min. age threshold Labour force Snap-shot picture of labour market activity at a point in time Focuses on work transacted for pay or profit

LFS classification as per old standards.... ILO Department of Statistics 37 ALL who work for pay ALL who work for profit Employed Not employed UnemployedInactive ALL OTHERS, whether or not: ALL who work for training ALL who produce goods for own final use ALL who volunteer for org. ALL who volunteer to produce goods for households -Provide services for own final use -Volunteer providing services for households

Seeking and available for work for pay/profit New labour force status classification: -Highlights issues with access to work for pay/ profit ILO Department of Statistics 38 ALL who work for pay ALL who work for profit -Employers -Own account workers in market units -Contributing family workers -Members of market producer cooperatives Employed (work for pay / profit) Unemployed Outside the labour force ALL OTHERS above minimum age Without employment (for pay/profit) Underutilized labour (with unmet need for employment (for pay/profit) Above minimum age...: YesNo Labour force

Changes in terminology -Removing gender bias in language Labour force = Employed + Unemployed (for pay / profit) (without employment + seeking + available) –No longer “economically / currently active population” Outside labour force –No longer “economically inactive population” –No longer includes population below minimum age ILO Department of Statistics 39 -ALL forms of work are productive & contribute to the economy -Persons outside labour force may be engaged in other forms of work -Children may be engaged in work, including in child labour

Labour underutilization -New indicators that recognize other barriers to employment ILO Department of Statistics 40 “Refers to mismatches between labour supply and demand, which translate into an unmet need for employment among the population” Para 40,Resol I. (19 th ICLS, 2013)

Labour underutilization Improved labour market monitoring across contexts/groups Working age population Labour force Unemployed Do not want employment Potential Labour Force -seeking, not available -available, not seeking Time-related underemployed Labour underutilization (unmet need for employment) Employed (for pay/profit) Outside the labour force Labour market attachment Want employment but not seeking, not available 41 ILO Department of Statistics

LU1-LU4: Composite measures of labour underutilization LU4 ILO Department of Statistics 42

Illustration: Old and new indicators ILO Department of Statistics 43 OLDNEW

Illustration: Willing non-job seekers ILO Department of Statistics 44 Source: Enquête nationale sur l’Emploi, Morocco 2012 Percentage of willing non-job seekers among persons outside the labour force (%)

Classification by Main reason for not being in labour market Personal reasons –Own illness, disability –Studies, training Family related reasons –Pregnancy, family or household responsibilities –Refusal by family Labour market reasons –Past failure in finding a job, gave up looking for jobs –Lack of experience, qualifications or jobs matching skills –Lack of jobs in the area –Considered too young or too old by prospective employers Lack of infrastructure –No roads, transport, employment services in the area Other sources of income –Pensions, rents ILO Department of Statistics 45 Discouragement Social barriers

To reduce underreporting & misclassification Issues in measurement ILO Department of Statistics 46

Reduce gender biases in data collection Instrument design –Add probes (questions) and examples to better capture activities likely to be underreported (secondary, casual, part/-time self-employment jobs) –Use reference periods that take account of different gender roles Field operations –Interviewer training (raise awareness of concepts, activities likely to go unreported, social expectations & roles, multiple activities of women) –Mixed teams of interviewers (men / women) –Avoid proxy responses, reduce interviewer interpretation by providing full questions to be read verbatim Data processing, coding –Collect detailed information for industry and occupation –Reduce coding based on assumptions of typical gendered occupations ILO Department of Statistics 47

Suggested activities for gender units and gender focal points Review questionnaires, manuals & training for surveys and censuses: Work topics covered (main topics + causal factors) Use of additional questions on “WHY – not working, not seeking work etc.) Use of probing questions, activity lists / sketches Examples given in the manuals (should be free of gender bias) Degree of details used in classifications Coverage of gender aspects in the training Discuss data quality with survey/census team Get involved in data quality assessments at the end of data collection Careful assessment of data for adequate interpretation

Highlight gender issues in presentation of data Often requires detailed disaggregation to identify differences Facilitate understanding of gender differences ILO Department of Statistics 49

50 Basic table for gender analysis Title WomenMenSex distribution N%N%W%M A B C Total100 Source…

51 Group exercise Using the handout provided, do the following: 1.Identify key gender issue(s) 2.Determine key message(s) to be highlighted 3.Propose a title / heading that highlights the gender issue shown 4.Draft a short paragraph explaining key message(s) 5.Discuss its relevance for labour market and social policies 6.Was the information provided sufficient? -If no, which additional information is needed?

Resources and Contact ICLS Resolutions and Guidelines –Resolution concerning statistics of Work, Employment and labour underutilization (2013) –Checklist of good practices for mainstreaming gender in labour statistics (2003) databases/standards-and- guidelines/ ILO STATISTICS contact 52 ILO Department of Statistics