Job Training Analysis: Integrating Production with Safety Collaborative work - field testing a process for quickly developing information for use in skills training… Train the Trainer Salt Lake City May, 2004 NIOSH / Morton Salt / MSHA

…a few questions… If we wanted to create variability in how this loader was operated by different operators…. What would we likely do?

What might be the consequence of that variability? Increased risk of injury? Increased maintenance costs? Increased production downtime? Overall – increased operating costs?

..a picture of a table top JTA Tasks Steps Why important? Consider -- Safety, Production, and Maintenance Importance Ranking Obtain checklist Mark hour meter reading Power off checks Engine Oil Hydraulic oil Duty 2: Pre-shift operational checks Different methods can be used to develop the job analysis (column 1) Morton Salt Inc. (Lift Truck Example) Contact: Bruce Blakemore

Tasks Steps Why important? Consider -- Safety, Production, and Maintenance Importance Ranking Obtain checklist Check with foreman Mark hour meter reading Preventative maintenance scheduling Power off checks walk around inspection Engine Oil Correct oil for that vehicle, do not overfill, only fill when level is at add mark or below Hydraulic oil Correct oil for that vehicle, do not overfill, only fill when level is at add mark or below Duty 2: Pre-shift operational checks

Tasks Steps Why important? Consider -- Safety, Production, and Maintenance Importance Ranking Obtain checklist Check with foreman2 Mark hour meter reading Preventative maintenance scheduling2 Power off checks walk around inspection Engine Oil Correct oil for that vehicle, do not overfill, only fill when level is at add mark or below 3 Hydraulic oil Correct oil for that vehicle, do not overfill, only fill when level is at add mark or below 3 Duty 2: Pre-shift operational checks

… a practical JTA 3 level hierarchy Short descriptions of the tasks and steps  Makes sense to experienced workers  Is a natural way of thinking about the job  Is useful for chunking the job into parts that can be taught and evaluated  Is at a level of detail that is useful for the trainee and the trainer

How is a JTA used?..to help structure skills training Can reduce the time to learn a new skill Can reduce the variability in how the task is performed

Good quality skills training…  Connects production, safety, maintenance, and crew coordination  Is planned  A trainer is present

Range of OJT On-the-job exp. (OJE) Self teaching Shadow another employee No plan developed No evaluation other than self-assessment Structured OJT Trainer present Plan developed Trainer has learned skills in Teaching Evaluating All jobs carry some risk – relative risk is an important consideration

Why structure OJT? Why invest in a job training analysis?

Putting a JTA into context Experienced workers define training / performance targets JTA is fluid – can be easily modified over time..

Roof bolting - Duty 2: Tramming Objective: Learner will be able to demonstrate and explain how to safely tram equipment. Tasks / StepsImportance-Safety, Production, and Maintenance Importance: Walk roadway before tramming Two people needed for moves: one to walk and one to operate bolter to avoid cables and give lamp signals. Also a good time to check and make sure no other equipment is parked in blind spots, e.g., on other side of curtains. Depends on conditions: Communicate intention to tram and cable reel coming on Verbal: Include telling trainee importance of position in relation to cable & bolter. Note that splices can get hung up in the reel. 3

Some benefits of table top JTA… Makes use of the experience of those who perform and have a stake in the job Saves time over other methods for doing a training needs assessment (or job analysis). Listing of duties, tasks and steps makes sense to those who do the job. A good way of getting experienced performers on the same page Puts a lot of key information on a single page Can be readily used as a guide for OJT Is based on long term military ISD research

What might be gained? Time Time Less risk of downtime? time Save time of maintenance and repair folks Less risk of injury? timelost Save time of the employee: less lost time Quicker acceleration of learning? time Less time to (learn) do a particular task

If we wanted to reduce variability in how these two would operate this equipment... What would we likely do?

OJT / general training method… Assess How? Train How? Evaluate How?

On-the-job training… Prepare (training outline?) Define gap…is training necessary? Trainer demonstrates / informs / discuss One job duty or task at a time… Trainee demonstrates / practice / talks their way through the task… Trainer offers feedback – ask questions – more feedback Evaluate – determine if performance is acceptable (can be done in many different ways) assess training evaluate

Different approaches to training… Trainer centered Learner centered

Enhancing OJT (skills training).. Small, layered (time) investments Practical ways to do a job analysis Considerations in selecting and training the OJT trainer

Limitations of OJT… Teaching nonroutine skills Teaching cognitive skills The notion is to consider the training environment…the classroom is one, the work site (via OJT) is another…

The end…

Job analyses are not all alike.. Interview / observe individuals Gather information Synthesize – tie information together into a training plan / program Group - table top method Prepare a plan Set up / conduct a 1-3 day workshop Verify / refine results Includes those who not only perform the job, but who have a stake in the job

JTA…. Based on the group process - small groups of individuals who have relevant expertise and a stake in the job The group makes consensus decisions on information contained within each of the three columns. Based on extensive military research – Instructional Systems Development

A few more considerations… Job analysis and On-the-job Training 1. Would you want to structure OJT for every job at the mine site? 2. What types of jobs would you select for structured OJT??

…other KEY considerations… Skills of the OJT trainer…...and small investments?? Select experienced workers who are interested in teaching Give them time to develop a road map (JTA? + other material?) Provide training in teaching and evaluating