Two Nations Live on the Edge Chapter 18 Section 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge

Race for the H-Bomb Atomic Bomb Splits Atoms Scientists suspected that it would be possible to build a bomb which fuses atoms-a hydrogen bomb Estimated to be 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima

Race for the H-Bomb Many questioned the morality of creating such a weapon Oppenheimer opposed this project However, now that the Soviets had an atomic bomb, the US had no advantage

Race for the H-Bomb Politicians and the military pressed for a more powerful weapon According to them, we had to develop one before the Soviets did Truman authorizes work on the H-Bomb

Race for the H-Bomb 11/1/52- US explodes the 1st H-Bomb 10 times more powerful than they thought it would be American advantage lasted less than a year Soviets exploded their own in August 1953

Brinkmanship Dwight Eisenhower now President Secretary of state-John Foster Dulles-staunch anti-communist Not willing to make any compromises with communism

Brinkmanship Dulles proposed a new policy – the US would keep peace by promising to use all its force – including nuclear weapons- against an aggressor nation This policy was known as brinkmanship

Brinkmanship This policy placed more importance on nuclear weapons – and the planes that delivered them So, US trimmed the army and navy, but beefed up the size of the air force Produced massive numbers of nuclear weapons

Brinkmanship Arms race begins Soviets respond by building more of their own nuclear weapons Americans convinced that Soviet bombs were pointed at American cities Kids did air raid drills Families built bomb shelters Fear of nuclear war became a constant fear

Cold War Spreads Around the World National defense now dependent on nuclear arms Eisenhower relies more heavily on Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for information

Cold War Spreads Around the World CIA used spies to gather information Carried out covert actions Secret operations In attempts to overthrow governmets unfriendly to the US

Covert Actions Eisenhower equated Soviet leadership to totalitarian dictatorship of WWII Soviet leadership was ordering secret operations against its enemies Eisenhower felt the US was at a disadvantage & should carry out covert actions

Covert Actions – Middle East 1951 Iran- Prime Minister placed oil industry under govmt control To protest, western nations stopped buying Iranian Oil As Iranian govmt struggled-US feared Iran would turn to Soviet Union

Covert Actions – Middle East 1953-CIA urged Shah(King) of Iran to replace Iranian PM with someone pro-western Iranian people remained loyal to the Shah PM fled

Covert Actions – Guatemala 1954- Eisenhower believed Guatemala had communist sympathies Gave over 200,000 acres of American owned land to peasants

Covert Actions – Guatemala In response CIA trained army Invaded Guatemala Captured nation’s leader (Guzman) and his forces CIA trained army’s leader became new dictator of the nation

A Summit in Geneva US/Soviet relations seemed to improve after the death of Stalin in 1953 Soviets recognize West Germany Conclude peace treaties with Austria and Japan

A Summit in Geneva However… Soviets grew fearful when W. Germany re-armed and joined NATO Formed its own military alliance-Warsaw Pact-w/ Eastern European satellite nations

A Summit in Geneva July 1955-Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland To meet w/ Soviet leaders in the 1st East-West summit conference since WWII

A Summit in Geneva Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” policy US& Soviet Union would allow flight over each other’s territory To guard against a surprise nuclear attack Rejected by Soviets-thought it was a trick to find Soviet nuclear weapons

A Summit in Geneva Summit accomplished nothing specific But it seemed to promise a movement toward peace

Crisis in the Middle East Cold War affected the Middle east as well as Europe 1955 US & Britain agree to finance a dam in Egypt at Aswan, along the Nile River

Crisis in the Middle East Gamal Nasser, head of Egypt, began to strengthen his ties with communist nations US & Britain withdrew offer to build the dam Angry Nasser seized the Suez Canal Which was owned by Britain and France

Crisis in the Middle East British & French angry Israel also angry at Egypt-which had been making terrorist raids into Israel Britain, France & Israel invade Egypt- October 1956

Crisis in the Middle East Soviets threaten to launch missiles against Britain and France US warns-it would not tolerate such action UN imposed a cease fire Canal reopened in 1957-under Egyptian management

Soviet Aggression in Hungary Nikita Khrushchev new leader of Soviet Union Openly criticized Stalin in Feb of 1956 Said Stalin committed crimes against the Soviet people

Soviet Aggression in Hungary People wondered if Khrushchev was going to be less repressive Eastern European nations began to dream of breaking free of Soviet control

Soviet Aggression in Hungary Hungary was an example Leaders were debating about how much freedom to grant Hungary Hungary had attempted to either remove Soviets or to reform the government Khrushchev allowed for a reform minded premier to take control of Hungary

Soviet Aggression in Hungary Hungary wanted out of the Warsaw Pact Soviets respond brutally Soviet tanks roll in and kill 30,000 Hungarians Thousands fled to the US

Soviet Aggression in Hungary Eisenhower offered no military aid Protested the invasion Sent $20 million for food and medicine

Eisenhower Doctrine Soviet prestige grew in middle east due to support of Egypt Eisenhower had to provide a counterbalance Issued Eisenhower Doctrine- US would defend middle east against any communist attack

Cold War Takes to the Skies 1957-US thought they were ahead of the Soviets in military technology US had warheads that could deliver warheads 1,500 to 3,000 miles But by August 1957-Soviets developed an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

Sputnik Launches the Space Race 10/4/57- Soviets use an ICMB to launch the 1st unmanned satellite out of Earth’s atmosphere Sputnik traveled 18,000 miles/hr Circled globe every 96.2 minutes If the Soviets could do this they could hit the US w/ a missile

Sputnik Launches the Space Race Americans felt vulnerable to nuclear attack US seemed to be falling behind in science and technology Schools attempted to improve math, science, and foreign language classes

Sputnik Launches the Space Race American scientists frantically tried to catch up January 31, 1958 US successfully launched its 1st satellite Race to built bigger satellites and better weapons systems was on

U2 is Shot Down CIA was making high altitude flights over SU Used U2 spy planes Could fly higher than Soviet fighters Beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire Was able to take detailed photos

U2 is Shot Down Eisenhower wanted flights discontinued Was afraid that if one was shot down if would hurt US/Soviet relations Dulles persuaded him to authorize 1 more flight

U2 is Shot Down May 1, 1960- US spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet territory US said it disappeared while on a weather mission Khrushchev announced what had happened

U2 is Shot Down Shot down 1,300 miles deep in Soviet Territory Powers was captured alive Bad moment for the US Eisenhower took responsibility for the flight

Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower Denounced Eisenhower at what was supposed to be a second peace summit at Geneva-then left U2 incident ended Eisenhower’s effectiveness as a peacemaker